The Importance of Effective Communication in Health Care

MS is a sixty-seven old Honduran female who presented with signs and symptoms of cold and flu to the Brigham and Women Faulkner Hospital emergency room. She was alert and oriented times three, pleasant and cooperative. The patient had a past medical history of hypertension, and coronary artery disease and lymphedema. The history of present illness was a diagnosis of influenza virus A. The patient was transferred to the 6 South Unit, a medical-surgical floor, at 4:30 pm. Upon arrival to the unit, the staff involved in her initial assessment failed to request a professional medical interpreter in order to have an accurate and trustful communication with the patient. This miscommunication was a wrong assumption by assuming that the patient was bilingual and supposing that the patient somewhat understood English. McCaffrey et al. (2010) claim that effective communication can take place when the basic factors of communication are understood. The patient in this instant felt left behind since no one had asked her how she was feeling, or if she had any concerns or needs to be addressed. The patient’s room was in front of the nursing station, so she was able to observe the laughs and talking of the health-care personnel, and was questioning if the talking and laughter was about her. The following morning, during the handoff report, I heard that this patient was difficult. However, when I went to introduce myself to this patient, I found a lovely and cooperative lady whom I hadShow MoreRelated The importance of Effective Communication in Health-Care637 Words   |  3 PagesEffective communication continues to be paramount footing that brings out the naked image of the conveyed message when caring is delivered in the health care system. It is also considered the most efficient way to assure quality and safety patient care with optimistic health outcomes (LaValley, 2008). According to McCaffrey et al., (2010) findings nurses should use emphatic aptitude and clear communication skills to work, as part of a multidisciplinary team and this feature should be incorporateRead MoreThe importance of Effective Communication in Health-Care1684 Words   |  7 Pagesbarriers have been one of the identified causes of many health problems, including timely and appropriate care, exacerbating existing conditions, and precipitating new ones. In addition to culturally appropriate education, interpreting is one of the approaches commonly used to help bridge the language gap for patients and practitioners. Interpreters are bilingual individuals that provide simultaneous interpretation between patients and medical care providers who do not share a common language (FinkeRead MoreEssay on Personal and Professional Healthcare Comm unication1456 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal and Professional Health Care Communication Dorcas Gray HCS/350 October 14, 2013 Tracy D. 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With integrated health literacy program, culturally competent and appropriate communication at individual, systemic and organisational level would enhance health outcomes for consumerâ €™s welfare. Most importantly, improved health literacy and effective communication skills would plays an important partRead MoreThe Importance Of Identifying And Adapting Health Literacy967 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Identifying and Adapting to Patient Health Literacy in Effective Workplace Communication Name: Georgia Pearson Student Number: n9994769 Course Code Name: PYB007 Communication for Healthcare Professionals Tutor: Michael Rowlands Tutorial: Wednesday, 1500 – 1700, N518 Word Count: Date: 10/04/2017 Queensland University of Technology The Importance of Identifying and Adapting to Patient Health Literacy in Effective Workplace Communication Effective communication playsRead MoreHealth Care Communication1357 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal and Professional Health Care Communication Paper HCS/350 Health Care Communication University of Phoenix Personal Professional Healthcare Communication Paper Professional and effective communication is a vital ingredient to safe and high quality nursing practice. Proper communication with other co-workers, physicians, ancillary staff, patients, and their families is a required skill necessary for all practicing, professional healthcare professionals. Communicating with others hasRead MoreSkills and Competencies818 Words   |  4 PagesPatricia Rosemond Elms College Skills and Competencies Nurses for the future-Communication Many people refer to their strong communication skills, but communication is really a competency that relies on a combination of certain skills, behavior and knowledge. To communicate effectively a person may need to understand cultural diversity, have advanced language skills, and behave with patience. Interpersonal communication is essential in every area of life, but it especially critical in the fieldRead MoreTeamwork in Health Care1085 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Teamwork in Health Care The Importance of Teamwork in Health Care From an early age we are instilled the importance of teamwork. The lessons may come from a soccer field, a classroom group project, or even a song on Sesame Street. Regardless of our future careers, we are all likely to experience some sort of teamwork requirement, even if it is as simple as getting along with your co-workers. Teams working in a hospital or other healthcare setting may consist of several

The Universal Human Rights Of The United Nations - 873 Words

The Universal Human Rights: From Paper to Reality According to the Office of High Commissioner of Human Rights of the United Nations, â€Å"human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible† (United Nations Human Rights). In other words, universal Human Rights are basic rights and â€Å"fundamental freedom,† which are widely acceptable, that every individual should have. The detailed list of human rights is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations in 1948. The list has a preamble and 30 articles, including several fundamental rights and freedom of human such as right to life, liberty, and security; right to be equal before law; right to marriage; right to education; right to nationality; and right to property. As stated on th e United Nations’ website, the concept of human rights was formally developed in 1946, right after the Word War II and the creation of the United Nations. From that time to December 10, 1948, the world leaders discussed and made a list of basic human rights which they believe should be guarantee for every individual everywhere. The first draft of the list of Human Rights, or the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was conducted by leaders of countries thatShow MoreRelatedThe United Nations Universal Human Rights Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights stands as the current gold standard for every individual’s rights. 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The exploitation of an enslaved human deprives that individual from the right to life and liberty, it deems them unequal and therefore guarantees them a lifeRead MoreA Brief Note On The United Nations General Assembly Issued The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights791 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948, the United Nations General Assembly issued the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to declare all individuals are born free and equal in rights and dignity. All individuals have to right to equal protection, liberty to travel, form a family, acquire property, freedom of expression, and freedom of religion. Under this report, no individual will be subject to cr uel, inhuman, or undignified treatment, punishment, or torture (Alexander, 2010) Although, rural individuals suffer from poorerRead MoreHow Do the Principles of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Relate to the Saint Leo University Core Value of Community?997 Words   |  4 PagesThe principles of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights relates to the Saint Leo Universities core value of community in a lot of different ways. Part of Saint Leo’ mission statement is to create a student-centered environment in which love of learning is of prime importance. Members of the community are expected to examine and express their own values, listen respectfully to and respond to the opinions of others, serve the community in which they live, welcome others intoRead MoreWhat Are Human Rights? Essay1152 Words   |  5 PagesThe rights you have simply because you are human Every single human being on this planet has rights (What Are Human Rights, n.d). These rights are given to us through birth, and the day I was asked, what my human rights were, I found myself speechless. I did not know how to answer the question, which at the time sounded so easy. 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They refer to traditional values as the moral fiber which holds their societies together. Culture is a good thing, when allowed to progress, but can be dangerous if followed blindly. Culture can oppress minorities and those who don’t fit the traditional mold of a people. Culture can impede progress and leave women, minorities and other sub-sects of a society without the basic human rights that they deserve

Management And Cost Managerial Accounting - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Management And Cost Managerial Accounting. Answer: Introduction In the manufacturing business organizations, Cost Accounting plays an important part. Cost accounting refers to the process to record, classify, analyze, summarize, allocate and evaluate different kinds of alternative courses of actions in order to control the organizational costs. Cost control helps in the reduction of organizational costs that leads to higher profitability (Drury, 2013). Companies prefer to implement different types of costing system for their companies like Activity Based Costing (ABC), traditional costing system and others. In the recent years, the emergence of another major costing system can be absorbed; that is Time Driven Activity Based Costing, commonly known as TDABC. It can be seen that traditional costing approach is the most well-known costing approach among the companies. However, in the recent years, organizations are facing various step backs at the time of using traditional costing system. For this reason, Robert S. Kaplan and Steven R. Anderson deve loped TDABC in the year 2004 to overcome the difficulties of the use of traditional costing approach and ABC (Kaplan et al., 2014). The main aim of this report is to analyze and evaluate various aspects of TDABC and to show the suitability of the implementation of TDABC. As per the provided information, it is the responsibility of the management consultancy firm to show the client the right path regarding the implementation of TDABC. Various parts of this report show the description, features, comparison with ABC and traditional costing and suitability of TDABC in the client organization. Description of the Client The client of the consultancy firm is a spare part of cars manufacturing company and the name of the company is Super Technology Corp. The main operation of the company is to manufacture the spare automobile parts for different vehicles. At the same time, the aim of the company is to manufacture quality products. Quality products can be manufactured when there is less amount of variation in the production process. In the production operation of Super Technology Corp, the presence of variance can be seen in the whole process of manufacturing. Currently, the company is using traditional costing approach for their manufacturing process. Recently, the CEO of the company is considering the adoption and implementation of TDABC for their manufacturing process as the presence of these variances are putting negative effects on the final outputs of the companies. Time Driven Activity Based Costing (TDABC) Description The earlier discussion shows that the concept of TDABC has been developed to overcome the difficulties of ABC and traditional costing approach. Under the process of TDABC, the costs of resources are directly assigned with the cost objects with the help of two sets of estimates; they are: 1) the cost per time unit for the supply of the resources capacity to the cost activities, and 2) an estimation of the required time units in order to perform an activity. For the calculation of the cost activities under TDABC, there are six specific steps. Step 1 is the identification of the services or the activities. Step 2 is the estimation of the total costs of each resource group. Step 3 is the estimation of practical time capacity for each resource group. Step 4 is the calculation of unit cost of each resource group. Step 5 is the determination of estimated time for each activity. Step 6 is the multiplication of unit cost of each resource group by the estimated time for the activity (McLaughli n et al., 2014). Features In case of TDABC, it can be observed that this particular approach of costing has some specific features and they are discussed below: Under the process of TDABC, it becomes easier for the cost accountants to assign cost to the different activities of manufacturing. In addition, this process takes less time to work (ker Ad?gzel, 2016). The integration of TDABC can easily be done with the existing or available Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system of the companies that boosts the manufacturing process of the firms (Siguenza-Guzman et al., 2014). The production managers become able to generate accurate monthly reports of operation with the help of TDABC. The costing system under TDABC is considered as more efficient than ABC and traditional costing system as it properly utilizes the manufacturing capacity of the firms. The implementation of TDABC helps the production managers in the effective forecasting of resource demands (ker Ad?gzel, 2016). The implementation of TDABC provides inexpensive as well as fast changes in the costing models (Siguenza-Guzman et al., 2014). The implementation of TDABC makes small but important information available to the managers for solving different kinds of problems related with the manufacturing process. The major feature of TDABC is that it can be easily implemented and used in any kind of industry (ker Ad?gzel, 2016). The above features of TDABC shows the superiority of this costing system compared to the other available system. Differences It needs to be mentioned that TDABC has some major differences with the traditional costing system. At the same time, major differences can be seen between TDABC and ABC approach. The following discussion shows the differences: ABC vs. TDABC System The ABC method is considered as the reply of the inaccurate method of American accounting standards. The main area of concern of ABC costing is related with the what has been done in terms of activities rather than what has been spent (Rajabi Dabiri, 2012). On the other hand, the main area of concern for TDABC is related with the identification of the capacity of each department or process and to make the allocation of cost of this capacity of resource group over the objective of costs based on the required time to perform each activity. Under the process of ABC, a number of cost pools along with different type of cost drivers can be seen. The cost pool is considered as the total cost associated with an activity and cost driver is a feature of ABC that affects the cost and performance of cost activities (Hardan Shatnawi, 2013). In case of TDABC, if there is a decline in the demand of work in a particular department, the processes of TDABC helps the organizational managers in estima ting the quantity of resources released. It implies that TDABC can capture various characteristics of a cost activity with the help of time equitation. Under the process of ABC, indirect costs are assigned on the cost activities and then they are assigned on the cost objectives. In addition, with the help of the cost drivers, expenses of indirect resources are allocated with the cost activities. In case of TDABC, the developed equation of TDABC helps in assigning cost and time in activities based on the objectives of each activity (Emblemsvg Bras, 2012). However, in case of both the TDABC and ABC, the calculation is done in six stages. Thus, from the above discussion, it can be seen that there are some major differences between TDABC and ABC. TDABC vs. Traditional Costing Approach The major difference between TDABC and traditional costing system is that traditional costing system is simple where TDABC is a more complex system. Under the system of traditional costing system, there is a requirement of cost objectives and used up resources for the evaluation of various cost activities; but in case of the TDABC system, dependency of various cost activities can be seen on the activities used in cost objectives (Rumble, 2012). Managements of the firms adopt the system of TDABC in the presence of high amount overheads along with large number of miscellaneous products. There is a requirement of highly reliable and accurate method of the management of organizational costs. However, in case of traditional costing system, the use of single overhead pool can be seen that is unable for the calculation of true cost. In the process of traditional costing system, random allocation of cost objects can be seen on the basis of labor or machine hours (Cooper, 2017). This can be c onsidered as a major difference. The inclusion of identifiable products can be seen in TDABC where the arbitral accumulation of various expenses including salaries, depreciation and others can be seen in traditional costing system. In addition, under the process of traditional accounting system, accountants determine the cost of production after the production of all the products. However, in case of TDABC, the cost of production is determined based on the feedback of customers and pocket range. The implementation of TDABC helps in lowering cost of production for increasing productivity (Cohen, 2014). Thus, from the above discussion, it can be seen that there are clear differences between TDABC and traditional costing system. Suitability of TDABC The above discussion shows different aspect of TDABC like features, differences and others. Now, it is essential to determine whether TDABC is appropriate in the manufacturing companies. The following discussion shows the suitability of TDABC in the companies: TDABC has the ability of the creation of proper insight in different cost activities carried out by the companies. In comparison to the cost associated in traditional accounting system, this information about costs play an important role in the process of strategic decision-making to best run the manufacturing process. Thus, in the absence of TDABC, companies will not be able to judge the impact of individual activities on the companys profitability (Schulze, Seuring Ewering, 2012). Another key benefit of the implementation of TDABC is the distinction between capacity used and capacity supplied. The process of the calculation of required time to continue different activities and to connect them with the clear cost calculations provides the managers with powerful insight for cost management. It leads to the use of unused capacities. In addition, the company can get idea about the places requiring increase in workload (Rumble, 2012). The system of TDABC covers all the areas of enterprise recourse planning and due to this, accurate costs can easily follow every order transaction of the companies. The implementation of TDABC shows an accurate picture of the processes to distribute costs to particular customers and to empower profitability analysis relationship (Hooze, 2013). Most importantly, the implementation of TDABC helps the management of companies in making right decisions. Companies become able to identify, complex business processes with the help of TDABC, and it leads to the better negotiation with the customers (Carli Canavari, 2013). The model of TDABC helps the business organizations in the identification of cost opportunities in order to increase the efficiency of whole production process. In addition, it helps in the increase in production capacity of the companies (Namazi, 2016). It needs to be mentioned that the model of TDABC can be easily updated as per the operation of the companies. The above discussion shows the usefulness of TDABC in the companies. The implementation of TDABC in Super Technology Corp. will increase the amount of output of the company by reducing the cost of production as it will increases the efficiency of the whole production process. After that, the management of TDABC will be able to gain proper insight about the nature of cost of the company, as it is helpful in the integration of TDABC with other system of the company like enterprises recourse planning and others. Thus, based on the above discussion, it can be seen that TDABC will be suitable for Super Technology Corp. Conclusion The above discussion shows that TDABC is a modern approach of cost accounting in the companies. The features of TDABC show that this system is easy to assign to different cost activities; at the same time, TDABC can be easily integrated with the ERP system. According to the above system, it can be seen that TDABC has some major differences with the ABC system and traditional costing system. The differentiation shows that TDABC is superior to ABC system as it can be implemented in highly diversified companies with large amount of overheads as well as large number of products. It can also be seen that the system of TDABC allocates total costs among the cost activities more efficiently than the traditional costing system. Lastly, the study shows the suitability of TDABC in Super Technology Corp. for having different benefits. Most importantly, TDABC helps the companies in effective decision-making process. References Carli, G., Canavari, M. (2013). Introducing direct costing and activity based costing in a farm management system: A conceptual model.Procedia Technology,8, 397-405. Cohen, M. X. (2014).Analyzing neural time series data: theory and practice. MIT Press. Cooper, R. (2017).Target costing and value engineering. Routledge. DRURY, C. M. (2013).Management and cost accounting. Springer. Emblemsvg, J., Bras, B. (2012).Activity-based cost and environmental management: a different approach to ISO 14000 compliance. Springer Science Business Media. Hardan, A. S., Shatnawi, T. M. (2013). Impact of applying the ABC on improving the financial performance in telecom companies.International Journal of Business and Management,8(12), 48. Hooze, S. (2013). Designing time-driven activity-based costing systems.The routledge companion to cost management, 126. Kaplan, R. S., Witkowski, M., Abbott, M., Guzman, A. B., Higgins, L. D., Meara, J. G., ... Wertheimer, S. (2014). Using Time?Driven Activity?Based Costing to Identify Value Improvement Opportunities in Healthcare.Journal of Healthcare Management,59(6), 399-413. McLaughlin, N., Burke, M. A., Setlur, N. P., Niedzwiecki, D. R., Kaplan, A. L., Saigal, C., ... Kaplan, R. S. (2014). Time-driven activity-based costing: a driver for provider engagement in costing activities and redesign initiatives.Neurosurgical focus,37(5), E3. Namazi, M. (2016). Time-driven activity-based costing: Theory, applications and limitations.Iranian Journal of Management Studies,9(3), 457. ker, F., Ad?gzel, H. (2016). Time?driven activity?based costing: An implementation in a manufacturing company.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,27(3), 39-56. Rajabi, A., Dabiri, A. (2012). Applying activity based costing (ABC) method to calculate cost price in hospital and remedy services.Iranian journal of public health,41(4), 100. Rumble, G. (2012).The costs and economics of open and distance learning. Routledge. Rumble, G. (2012).The costs and economics of open and distance learning. Routledge. Schulze, M., Seuring, S., Ewering, C. (2012). Applying activity-based costing in a supply chain environment.International Journal of Production Economics,135(2), 716-725. Siguenza-Guzman, L., Van den Abbeele, A., Vandewalle, J., Verhaaren, H., Cattrysse, D. (2014). Using Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing to support library management decisions: A case study for lending and returning processes.The Library Quarterly,84(1), 76-98.

Notes On Emily Murphy Essays - , Term Papers

Notes on Emily Murphy ((p. 67)) It was while the first provincial legislatur was sitting that Mrs. Emily Murphy, born in Cookstown, Ontario, in 1868, was educated at Bishop Strachan's School in Toronto. In 1904 she and her husband moved to Winnipeg where Mrs. Murphy conducted the literary section of the Winnipeg Tribune for a few years before moving to Alberta in 1907. In her new home Mrs. Murphy came very active in civic affairs, especially in the attainment of las for the betterment of conditions for women and children. On June 13, 1916 she was appointed a police magistrate for the City of Edmonton, the first woman in the British empire to hold such a post. Under the [enname "Janey Canuck," Mrs. Murphy wrote many books and articles mirroring western life, some of which found their way into both British and American publications. The Rutherford government was framing a law to give women certain dower rights, and Mrs. Murphy disapproved of some of its provisions. Single-handed she went before the (( p. 68 )) committee on legislation and argued with such success that the bill, when passed, was substantially as she wished. It was on this occasion that Mrs. Murphy, most hapily married to the Reverend Arthur Murphy, received a letter from a grateful but misinformed pioneer woman who wrote:"God bless you, Janey Canuck, I have a troublesome husband too." ((p. 71)) Not content with vague anticipation of benefits to be conferred in some shadowy future, Mrs. McClung and Mrs. Murphy joind forces to call upon Sifton on March 2 and ask that a suffrage bill be introduced at that very session. Other cabinet members were also interviewed. The local press account does not reveal how the gentlemen fared at this meeting but the premier's comment upon its conclusion was simply, "Mrs. McClung and Mrs. Murphy are very determined women." ((p. 74)) The passage of time and the exercise of political power whetted rather than dulled the appetite of Alberta women. Marshalled by Judge Murphy, five veterans of the suffrage campaing fced the conservative stonghold of the Red Chamber at Ottawa, the Supreme Court of Canada, and even the august Privy Council in London to prove that women are "persons" in the eyes of the law, and consequently entitled to membership in the federal senate. The Alberta government, alone of the nine provinces, loyally supported the women in this eventful struggle, sending its attorney-general, Hon. J. F. Lymburn, to London to assist Hon. N. W. Rowell in pleading their cause. For the further emancipation which was an outcome of the successful termination of the Persons Case, the women of all Canada owe a debt of gratitude to (( p.75 )) those of this prairie province who wove reality out of a dream of complete political equality. - Sifton government appointed Mrs. Murphy and Mrs. Jamieson to act as police magistrates. (Jamieson was appointed in December, Murphy in June) - (p. 141) Murphy is fighting to prove that women are "persons" in section 24 British North America Act. "In the minds of most women there never existed much doubt about whether or not they were persons, legal minds found this point highly contentious until that day in Oct. 1929 when Lord Chancellor Sankey, reading the opinion of the highest tribunal in the British empire, concluded that women are "persons" in the eyes of the law and hence entitled to be summoned to the Canadian senate. - (p. 142) Mrs. Murphy was appointed as police magistrate to preside over the newly created Women's Court in Edmonton. The first day she was accused (by the defendent) of not being a "person" under the British North America Act and had no right to be holding court anyway. The judge held her peace, relying upon the provincial government to prove, if necessary, that she was a "peron." - (p. 143) the delegates from all eight of the provinces represented unanimously endorsed a resolution requesting Prime Minister Borden to appoint a woman to the senate. Many other women's organizations soon followed suit, including the powerful National Council of Women. - (p. 143) In January 1921 the Montreal Women's Club, under the leadership of Mrs. John Scott, abandoned the vague request for appointment of "a woman" and asked Prime Minister Arthur Meighen point-blank to name Mrs. Emily Murphy to the senate as soon as there should be a vacancy. Mr. Meighen courteously said no, for the law officers of the Crown had advised him that the nomination of a woman was impossible. Notwithstanding the rebuff, Mrs. Murphy was pleased that she, a

Domestic penetration Essays

Domestic penetration Essays Domestic penetration Essay Domestic penetration Essay The financial section will provide pre-formatted profit and loss statements showing the relevant income and cost headings with guidance on assumptions that will need to be made to put specific values. In addition, there will be associated spreadsheets for cash flow. There may also be a balance sheet with headings for the assets and liabilities (Martin, 2010). Another important thing to conduct is a feasibility analysis which would be beneficial for franchisors to successfully develop enough domestic penetration. An objective franchise feasibility analysis by a recognized expert will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the underlying business model (Franchise Foundations, 2011). A franchise feasibility study will analyze, grade and prioritize the company on a variety of these and other factors. An objective franchise feasibility analysis will also document what steps, protective measures and documents need to precede the expansion effort (Franchise Foundations, 2011). Many of these can be done in-house by existing personnel with a little outside expertise. This will result in the most efficient use of time and resources. It will also produce the most professional and user-friendly results. After being successful domestically, expanding the business internationally is then achievable but there are important points to remember. Dealing directly with franchisees or by setting up a master franchise and giving that organization the rights to open outlets on its own are some ways how a franchisor may penetrate a foreign country. Sub-franchisees then pay royalties to the master franchisee then remit some to the franchisor. Master franchise system is pertinent for companies who have no confidence towards evaluating franchisees and when it would be expensive to oversee and directly control franchisees’ operations (Daniels et al. , 2007). To ensure success in international markets, franchisors must improve their understanding of the diverse cultural forces at work around the world. Sometimes, a concept will not fit a foreign cultural style at all. For example, a well known American bagel franchisor sold its rights to development in Lima, Peru, without realizing that Peruvians did not eat breakfast (Bardley, 2005). Adaptation to local cultural norms will often be necessary. An American restaurant franchisor allowed its Egyptian franchisees to develop special food products for the menu during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. In Saudi Arabia and Qatar, where local customs requires the seclusion of women in public places, this franchisor had to alter their restaurants to include family areas that women could visit (Chan, 1994). Hence it is important to know the factors of culture of a target market. Problems and conflict can occur in any commercial relationship, and franchising is no different. Thus, fundamental to the smooth running of a franchise business relationship is a business model that is profitable for both the franchisor and the franchisee. If this is a one-way street, franchise problems will be inevitable. There are still cases when a franchisor and a franchisee end up seeing each other in courts despite the fact that they have already built enough trust and rapport. Thus, after normal dispute resolution procedure that will at first attempt resolution informally, a formal written notice then will be made which will generally include the nature of the dispute, and desired outcome to resolve the dispute, and a timeframe for this to occur. In Australia, under the Franchising Code of Conduct, serious disputes that cannot be resolved between the franchise parties themselves should be referred to mediation (Asia-Pacific Centre for Franchising Excellence, 2011). But to further avoid a thing like this to happen, Berman and Evans (2006) relate that operating arrangements should take into account individual circumstances. Therefore, more franchisors will adopt, or at least experiment with restructured franchise agreements. This restructuring will affect both the terms of purchasing a franchise and the ongoing franchisor-franchisee relationship. As what Bank of America’s Small Business Advisory Service said, â€Å"The extra things that the franchisor agrees to do can be one of the best aspects of a good franchise relationship† (Kursh, 1969, p. 34). Conclusion As a rapidly growing opportunity of growing a business domestically and internationally, business franchising presents its own unique set of problems that need to be anticipated, addressed and should immediately be solved. Through intensive research from various references such as books, magazines, journals and the internet, the researchers identified the most common problems faced by both the franchisor and franchisee and these are: an entrepreneur may become a victim of fraudulent franchises; difficulties when setting up a franchise especially when franchisors do not provide essential assistance to the franchisees; franchisors’ not developing enough domestic penetration first is one problem why many franchises fail abroad; and tensions existing between a large number of franchisors and their franchises can lead to disagreements, conflicts, and even litigation. Detecting problems like these is always the first step required to successful solution. Many franchisors fail here – they are either unable to detect the real cause for the problem or don’t address it in an appropriate way. With the purpose of this paper to present various ways on how to solve these problems especially in a professional manner, the researchers emphasized the following solutions: acquiring all legal documents and conducting careful investigations and survey of existing franchise operators and customers; keeping a strong, effective program of managerial control in a franchise system; preparing a business plan and feasibility analysis to succeed domestically and internationally; having an improved understanding of the diverse cultural forces at work around the world to ensure success in international markets; building rapport between the franchisor and the franchisee the moment they meet for the first time in order to build trust; and in cases when conflicts between a franchisor and franchisee cannot be solved informally, a formal written notice then will be made which will generally include the nature of the dispute, and desired outcome to resolve the dispute, and a timeframe for this to occur. There are much more potential problems a franchisor and a franchisee could face. Rather than seeking readymade solutions, franchisors should learn how to prevent problems from occurring and how to tackle the issue in the best possible way. The strongest weapons in battling problems are the ability to detect problems early on, to teach the team to take action as soon as the problem arise, help all franchisee unit to perform as best as they can. Therefore, being proactive rather than being reactive can greatly help an entrepreneur; he has to do the reacting ahead of time by anticipating what the future will be, and to react accordingly before it actually happens. But in cases of unexpected problems that already caused much problem to a business, it is important to remember not to jump to any conclusions before reaching the root of the problem.

Biography of Hans Bethe

Biography of Hans Bethe German-American physicist Hans Albrecht Bethe (pronounced BAY-tah) was born on July 2, 1906. He made key contributions to the field of nuclear physics and helped to develop the hydrogen bomb and the  atomic bomb used in World War II. He died on March 6, 2005. Early Years Hans Bethe was born on July 2, 1906 in Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine. He was the only child of Anna and Albrecht Bethe, the latter of whom worked as a physiologist at the University of Strasbourg. As a child, Hans Bethe showed an early aptitude for mathematics and often read his fathers calculus and trigonometry books. The family moved to Frankfurt when Albrecht Bethe took a new position at the Institute of Physiology at the  University of Frankfurt am Main. Hans Bethe attended secondary school at Goethe-Gymnasium  in  Frankfurt until he contracted tuberculosis in 1916. He took some time off school to recover before graduating in 1924. Bethe went on to study at the University of Frankfurt for two years before transferring to the University of Munich  so that he could study theoretical physics under German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld. Bethe earned his PhD in 1928. He worked as an assistant professor at the University of Tubingen and later worked as a lecturer at the University of Manchester after immigrating to England in 1933. Bethe moved to the United States in 1935 and took a job as a professor at Cornell University. Marriage and Family Hans Bethe married Rose Ewald, the daughter of German physicist Paul Ewald, in 1939. They had two children, Henry and Monica, and eventually, three grandchildren. Scientific Contributions From 1942 to 1945, Hans Bethe served as the director of the theoretical division at Los Alamos where he worked on the Manhattan Project, a team effort to assemble the worlds first atomic bomb. His work was instrumental in calculating the bombs explosive yield. In 1947 Bethe contributed to the development of quantum electrodynamics by being the first scientist to explain the Lamb-shift in the hydrogen spectrum.  At the beginning of the Korean War, Bethe worked on another war-related project and helped to develop a hydrogen bomb. In 1967, Bethe was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics for his revolutionary work in stellar nucleosynthesis. This work offered insight into the ways in which stars produce energy. Bethe also developed a theory related to inelastic collisions, which helped nuclear physicists understand the stopping power of matter for fast charged particles. Some of his other contributions include work on solid-state theory and a theory of the order and disorder in alloys. Late in life, when Bethe was in his mid-90s, he continued to contribute to research in astrophysics by publishing papers on supernovae, neutron stars,  black holes. Death Hans Bethe retired in 1976 but studied astrophysics and served as the John Wendell Anderson Emeritus Professor of Physics Emeritus at  Cornell University  until his death. He died of congestive heart failure on March 6, 2005 at his home in Ithaca, New York. He was 98 years old. Impact and Legacy Hans Bethe was the  head theoretician on the Manhattan Project  and was a key contributor to the atomic bombs that killed more than 100,000 people and wounded even more when they were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during  World War II. Bethe also helped to develop the hydrogen bomb, despite the fact that he was opposed to the development of this type of weapon. For more than 50 years, Bethe strongly advised caution in using the power of the atom. He supported  nuclear nonproliferation treaties and frequently spoke out against missile defense systems. Bethe also advocated for the use of national laboratories to develop technologies that would lower the risk of nuclear war rather than weapons that could win a nuclear war. Hans Bethes legacy lives on today. Many of the discoveries that he made in nuclear physics and astrophysics during his 70 year career have stood the test of time, and scientists are still using and building upon his work to make progress in theoretical physics and  quantum mechanics. Famous Quotes Hans Bethe was a key contributor to the atomic bomb used in World War II as well as the hydrogen bomb. He also spent a significant portion of his life advocating for nuclear disarmament. So, it is really no surprise that he was often asked about his contributions and the potential for nuclear war in the future. Here are some of his most famous quotes on the topic: When I started participating in thermonuclear work in the summer of 1950, I was hoping to prove that thermonuclear weapons could not be made. If this could have been proved convincingly, this would of course have applied to both the Russians and ourselves and would have given greater security to both sides than we can now ever achieve. It was possible to entertain such a hope until the spring of 1951, when it suddenly became clear that it was no longer tenable.If we fight a war and win it with H-bombs, what history will remember is not the ideals we were fighting for but the methods we used to accomplish them. These methods will be compared to the warfare of Genghis Khan who ruthlessly killed every last inhabitant of Persia.Today the arms race is a long-range problem. The Second World War was a short-range problem, and in the short range I think it was essential to make the atomic bomb. However, not much thought was given to the time after the bomb. At first, the work was too absorbi ng, and we wanted to get the job done. But I think that once it was made it had its own impulse - its own motion that could not be stopped. Today we are rightly in an era of disarmament and dismantlement of nuclear weapons. But in some countries nuclear weapons development still continues. Whether and when the various Nations of the World can agree to stop this is uncertain. But individual scientists can still influence this process by withholding their skills.  Accordingly, I call on all scientists in all countries to cease and desist from work creating, developing, improving and manufacturing further nuclear weapons - and, for that matter, other weapons of potential mass destruction such as chemical and biological weapons.   Hans Bethe Fast Facts Full Name:  Hans Albrecht Bethe  Occupation: PhysicistBorn: July 2, 1906 in  Strasbourg, Germany (now Strasbourg, France)Died: March 6, 2005 in Ithaca, New York, USAEducation: Goethe University Frankfurt,  Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichKey Accomplishment: Received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967 for his work in  stellar nucleosynthesis. Served as head theoretician on the Manhattan Project.  Spouses Name: Rose EwaldChildrens Names: Henry Bethe,  Monica Bethe Bibliography Broad, William J. â€Å"HANS BETHE CONFRONTS THE LEGACY OF HIS BOMB.†Ã‚  The New York Times, The New York Times, 11 June 1984, www.nytimes.com/1984/06/12/science/hans-bethe-confronts-the-legacy-of-his-bomb.html?pagewantedall.Broad, William J. â€Å"Hans Bethe, Prober of Sunlight and Atomic Energy, Dies at 98.†Ã‚  The New York Times, The New York Times, 8 Mar. 2005, www.nytimes.com/2005/03/08/science/hans-bethe-prober-of-sunlight-and-atomic-energy-dies-at-98.html.Gibbs, W. Wayt. â€Å"Hans Albrecht Bethe, 1906-2005.†Ã‚  Scientific American, 1 May 2005, www.scientificamerican.com/article/hans-albrecht-bethe-1906-2005/.â€Å"Hans Bethe.†Ã‚  Atomic Heritage Foundation, 2 July 1906, www.atomicheritage.org/profile/hans-bethe.â€Å"Hans Bethe - Biographical.†Ã‚  Nobelprize.org, www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1967/bethe-bio.html.Irion, Robert. â€Å"A Towering Physicists Legacy Faces a Threatening Future.†Ã‚  Science, American Asso ciation for the Advancement of Science, 7 July 2006, science.sciencemag.org/content/313/5783/39.full?rss1.

Islam in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Islam in Business - Essay Example Fiqh muamalt is the study of financial and economic transactions from an Islamic outlook which is a branch of Islamic jurisprudence that is related with commerce and residual economic activities. For Islamic economic concepts, Arabic phrases are employed and shariah compliant financial products are very popular in the Islamic business circle. Shariah offers guiding norms for day-to-day living for a Muslim but following the same is a matter of belief and conscience and not of enforcement by governments. In the majority of the Islamic nations, Islamic banking is only a matter of preference and the only Muslim country in the World, i.e. Iran has made rules that all banks must adhere with fiqh muamalt under Usury Free Banking Law that was introduced in 1983. Fatwa refers to the rulings given by Shariah scholars and these are given through reasoning by scholars and endeavoring to apply fiqh to present financial and economic transactions and this process is known as ijtihad and in real pra ctice, this needs interpretation of contractual deeds concerning financial transactions and economic activities and making sure that it is unfailing with shariah. (Wilson 177). This research essay dwells into how Islamic practices apply in business, economics and banking (commercialism, profiteering, loans & interest, partnerships, etc) and how Islam dictates one conducts oneself in business in a detailed manner. Islam and Business Muslims are permitted to engross in trade and business as long as it is lawful and not detrimental to either society or the economy. Islam also permits to acquire wealth through business and however, a Muslim should not have any pride in his wealth. Further, in Islam, greed and miserliness are regarded as sins. A Muslim is considered to be only a temporary guardian of any wealth that he acquires as all wealth is the belongings of Allah. Islam expects that business is run on the moral principle, and it shuns fraud, dishonesty, misrepresentation and deceit in business. Dealing in illegal goods (haram) is prohibited in Islam. Islam also prohibits lotteries. Gambling and business linked with distribution and sale of alcohol. The following are some of the prohibited business activities under Islam. Price manipulation Price gouging and Hoarding by artificially reducing supply of products, especially food products. Government price control initiatives except in some unavoidable scenarios. Interference in the free markets Buying stolen property Cultivating plants like hashish and poppy and raising pigs. Business profits that are generated through halal (legal) business activities are permitted and not any haram (illegal) business activities. A Muslim is needed to respect his business debts. (Khan 1999). The fundamental principle is that Muslims are permitted to purchase whatever he needs like products that Allah has allowed from both Muslims and kaafirs. It is to be noted that Allah himself purchased products from the Jews. However, if a Mu slim avoids purchasing goods from another Muslim for no good reason like bad products, high prices or deceit goods , then that will be considered as harram. Doing business with Kaffirs mean reducing business with the Muslim and thereby obstructing Muslims to sell their products or to make the success in their business efforts. (Abdul -Rahman 7). The one who proscribes the goods of the Kuffaar mean that they are waging an endless war with the Islam, intending thereby to manifest the truth

Treatment of Autism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Treatment of Autism - Research Paper Example According to Jill Boucher, autism could have existed in human populations since the start (4). However it was not until the mid 19th century when it was recognized as a distinct disorder when Leo Kanner published a scientific paper titled ‘Autistic disturbances of affective contact’ and subsequently another paper by Hans Asperger on the same subject was published (Boucher, 4). People with severe autism were described as â€Å"simpletons†, â€Å"imbeciles† or â€Å"feeble-minded† (Boucher, 4). Those with mild autism or Asperger syndrome were considered withdrawn. The autism spectrum syndromes consist of Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, and childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) (Boucher, 5). Currently, there is no single known cause for autism, however, a collection of factors including – genetic, environmental, and induced causes – are thought to contribute towards autism in children (Mayo Clinic, n.pag.). This paper will aim to creat e a distinction between fact and speculation regarding the causes that are real and those that are not. With the absence of a definitive etiology of the disorder, various theories have been presented that explain the relationship between autism and other factors. Genes are considered to be one causal factor contributing towards autism among children. The involvement of genetics as a causal factor was first made by Kanner in his original documentation of the disorder. In his work, Kanner suggested the involvement of parents in passing it on to children however he strongly proposed the involvement of one’s physiological defects (Schreibman, 90). It took many years before the genetic etiological link was explored and established.

Platos Socrates Essay Example for Free

Platos Socrates Essay In order for the concept of wisdom to carry any viable weight in the affairs of the world, it is necessary for said concept to acknowledge the link between wisdom as an abstract idea and wisdom as a guiding principle for pragmatic action. Although other thinkers within the list of writers and philosophers we have studies do promote the idea of wisdom as a pragmatically applied force; Henry David Thoreaus interpretation of wisdom and its applications in human life and in human society seems to me the most reasonable interpretation among those we have studied so far. Thoreaus basic idea of wisdom is relative easy to understand adn emerges, not from abstract philosophical discourse, but from the vantage point of everday life: Does Wisdom work in a tread-mill? or does she teach how to succeed by her example? Is there any such thing as wisdom not applied to life? (Thoreau 118) By asking these questions in connection to the idea of wisdom, Thoreau makes it obvious that he regards wisdom as a method of defining nd helping to instruct human behavior and not merely human thought. Interestingly enough, while Thoreaus definition of wisdom is steeped in the practical and the pragmatic, he admonishes his readers and listeners not to confuse materialism and wisdom, that is, not to mistake the pragmatic of earning a living with the pragmatics of wisdom: It is pertinent to ask if Plato got his living in a better way or more successfully than his contemporaries,or did he[ ] find it easier to live, because his aunt remembered him in her will? The ways in which most men get their living, that is, live, are mere makeshifts, and a shirking of the real business of life,chiefly because they do not know, but partly because they do not mean, any better, (Thoreau 118). The application of Thoreaus pragmatic vision of wisdom may elude some observers; however, Thoreau, himself, illustrates the application of his idea of wisdom by turning his sights to the gold rush fever which enveloped his contemporaries: Did God direct us so to get our living, digging where we never planted,and He would, perchance, reward us with lumps of gold? (Thoreau 119) where, obviously, Thoreaus hang up with gold-rushers is not their pursuit of earning a living, per se, but with the folly of their believing that gold can, in and of itself, replace the need for wisdom: I did not know that mankind was suffering for want of gold. I have seen a little of it. I know that it is very malleable, but not so malleable as wit. A grain of gold will gild a great surface, but not so much as a grain of wisdom,; where Thoreuas ironic contrast of gold and wisdom leaves little doubt, in the end, as to which he views as more crucial to humanity. (Thoreau 119) 2. Whose view of wisdom (Socrates, Thoreau, Huxley, Pieper, or Frankl) seems to be the least reasonable? Why? Although Platos Socratic writings on the nature and meaning of justice achieve and inner-harmony and function in logical consistency with the rest of his ideas regarding ethics, aesthetics, and civics, Socrates view of wisdom, as defined by Plato, strikes me as the least rational of the theories and ideas we have studied. Far be it for me or anyone else to accuse Plato of leaving holes in his theory of wisdom; that is not the issue so much as the circclar nature of Platos reasoning which leads me to feel that the concepts of wisdom which are described by Socrates offer very little in the way of practical application in life and seem more like abstract ideas meant to stimulate those who enjoy pondering theory, rather than to assist those who are truly seeking applicable means for wisdom in daily life. Primarily, it is Socrates insistence that wisdom exists beyond the human appreciation of it, which seems to cripple the overall argument on the nature of what comprises wisdom: Socrates considers there to be two general sorts of knowledge, one which makes its possessor wise and one which does not. Socrates, and others too, can confidently and quite correctly claim to have a number of instances of the latter sort; but no human being can rightly claim to have the former sort, since no human being has ever attained the wisdom Socrates himself disclaims having when he professes ignorance, (Brickhouse, and Smith 31). true enough, Socrates humility in professing himself to be without wisdom has puzzled observers adn scholars for quite some time; however, the admission that wisdom exists, apart from human understanding, nd must be pursued even to the point of admitting that it cannot be attained, leaves the entire issue of wisdom up in the air form a pragmatic point of view. Socrates may believe that human wisdom is of little or no value (23a6-7). What would be of great value, if only he had itnamely, real wisdomSocrates and all others lack. The greatest wisdom for human beings, as we have just seen, is the recognition that we are in truth worth nothing in respect to wisdom (Brickhouse, and Smith 33) and this type of vision is, of course, another variation on a religious or metaphysical concept: that of Divine Wisdom. For Socrates, wisdom is an abstract power deemed tor reside within the Divine consciousness but only sparingly in human consciousness. I would say that nay definition of wisdom which fails to forward a concrete, pragmatic application as pertains to human society and individual behavior is worthwhile only from a purely intellectual point of view. Works Cited Brickhouse, Thomas C. , and Nicholas D. Smith. Platos Socrates. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Harding, Walter, ed. Thoreau: A Century of Criticism. Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist University Press, 1954. Thoreau, Henry David. The Major Essays of Henry David Thoreau. Ed. Richard Dillman. Albany, NY: Whitston Publishing, 2001.

Computers In Society :: essays research papers

Computers in Society My report is on the development of the computer for personal use by home consumers and their impact on society. Computers were being developed as early as the 1800’s and were more of a machine than a computer. The first digital computer that worked electronically was built by Clifford Berry and Dr. John V. Atanasoff in the late 30’s and early 40’s. The first computer as we know it was designed by Howard Aiken and built by IBM in 1944. This first computer was called the Mark I and was eight feet high and over fifty five feet long. It was made of steel and glass and was very unreliable and extremely noisy. The beginning of the commercial computer age was in June of 1951. This was when the UNIVAC (universal automatic computer) was delivered to a client. The client was the U.S. bureau of the census and was to be used for calculating the previous years census. This was the first time that a computer had been built for a business application rather than for the use of the military or for scientific or engineering use. These first computers came to be known as the first generation computers and used vacuum tubes, which were electronic tubes about the size of light bulbs as the internal computer components. However, due to the fact that literally thousands of these tubes were required, they generated enormous amounts of heat that caused many problems in the temperature regulation and climate control inside these computers. In addition every tube had to be working simultaneously in order for the computer to function and due to the short tube life (one failed every couple of hours) the compute r operators didn’t know if the problem was due to a programming error or the machine itself. These first generation computers also used a language called machine language that used numbers instead of today’s language’s that are more like English. In 1948 three Bell lab engineer’s John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, developed the transistor, which was a small device that transfers electric signals across a resistor. The transistor would replace the vacuum tube that was being used in computers. The engineer’s later received the Nobel Prize for their invention. The transistor revolutionized the computer industry, because they were much smaller than vacuum tubes and had numerous advantages as well. They didn’t require any warm up time, they consumed less energy, were faster, and more reliable.

Dillon V. Champion Jogbra Case Essay

Going green is the new trend now in corporate America. Everyone wants to save in some type of way. Human Resource Management is one of the biggest changes in corporate America today with HRM being the main source for all employees. When someone is employed majority of the time they have to deal with the HR department and this is where they fill out all of their forms and paperwork to make sure that they are legally able to work in United States. It is also where they go to fill out their tax forms and sometimes this is where they do their initial orientation. Times are changing and the changes could be great but then can also cause disappointment. The technological change going on today is the movement from paper to all electronic submissions. Some at first thought this to be a great initiative but later seen that I could cause problems. Take Cari Willis the manager of HR e-business solutions at IBM, she stated that it was absolutely a breakthrough for the HR department, but since the breakthrough happened it got harder to provide self-service in order to meet the needs of more than 140,000 active employees and 116,000 U.S. retirees (Greengard). IBM’s human resource department is almost all electronic today allowing for electric benefits enrollment, succession planning, e-recruiting, and online learning. Even though this new revolution has dropped cost and depleted paperwork there still needs to be someone who can manage the task most efficiently (Greengard). There is a lot that goes into building an e-procurement system; one had to determine what can all be included such as payroll, benefits, and training. You also would need to distinguish what type of access to have available to employees, whether they can access at work or at home. There is now a product out called TrainingNet which is a good example of how an e-marketplace can transform business to business transactions. TrainingNet aggregates various types of instruction such as classroom,  on-site, online, books, videos, and CD-ROMs from over 1,200 providers (Greengard). This hub allows employees to access courses online without having to sit in a classroom with an instructor. Genzyme Corp, a biotechnology firm started using this system in 1999 to move towards e-HR. Before turning to this new revolution they had their own training program that became costly and inefficient (Greengard). Senior vice president of HR Russell Campanello stated that employees from 20 Genzyme offices around that country had to fly into corporate every time that they need instructions (Greengard). The site also allows HR to monitor how employees click through the site and also allows for analysis of what training is needed. HRM has also gone electronic for recruiting as well. Companies are now able to post positions on websites like Monster.com or Indeed.com. These websites also allow perspective employees to apply directly for posted positions. Different websites also give people the opportunity to post their resumes and employers can contact people based on their qualifications. This revolutionary change is great but is it taking away from putting in hard work to find a job. One can sit at home and do nothing and get calls, when years ago you had to get up, get dressed, and go job searching. Now a job can come knocking at your door literally. Lawson Software vice president Larry Dunican believes that this revolution has only begun stating â€Å"Dramatic changes are a foot in the way HR users interact with each other and the external buying community, thanks to the evolution of e-business (Greengard). He also states that it will not be easy and that HR departments need to be aware fully of this new economy, they must understand that there would be new setups of portals and new tools that have to be established for this new evolution to work for them. Here are some ways that human resource can benefit through electronic systems. Portals can create a single interface for accessing key date. Online recruiting eliminates paperwork and can speed up the hiring process. Having self service can automate record keeping. Electronic payroll cuts cost. Electronic travel and expense reporting will cut out paper usage and speed up reimbursements. Online retirement planning can map out employees  future thus eliminating paperwork and questions (Greengard). In conclusion it seems that the technological change in HRM is moving in the right direction. Everyone wants to be able to do things simpler and faster. My job allows for us to log into a system and view our paycheck two days prior to payday, which is nice. The transformation will take a while for some companies, but this is just the start and in some years to come all companies will be forced to move to e-HR just to keep up with the competition.

Child Labor Since the Industrial Revolution Essay

Child labor has changed dramatically since the time of the industrial revolution. Teens everywhere can now have part time jobs that aren’t hazardous to their health and follow strict child labor laws. Although pretty much all our ancestors weren’t so lucky. During n the Industrial Revolution there were no child labor laws. The factory owners just saw it as jobs that could be done by anyone, and grown men would not stand for such low pay so who better than children who are just as happy with pennies and nickels. Children working in factories didn’t just have to deal with low income they also had horrid working conditions, health hazards, low wages, long hours worked per day, and almost every day worked per week. Child Labor had existed long before the Industrial Revolution; children were usually forced to work in family farms or as servants. But it wasn’t until the Industrial Revolution that children were forced into factories with horrid working conditions. These kids would often work 10-12 hours a day, and also had to deal with constant abuse from superiors who demanded faster production. Children as young as four were employed to work in coal mines. Conditions were dangerous very dangerous in the coal mines, many children developed lung cancer and other diseases and died before the age of 25, while others died from gas explosions. Some children were employed as â€Å"scavengers† by cotton mills, their jobs would be to climb under machinery to pick up cotton, some died from being crushed under the machines, and some lost hands or even limbs. After reports of these atrocities became widespread politicians and the government tried to limit child labor by law, but factory owners resisted; some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation, and others simply welcomed the cheap labor. The English governments’ efforts only led to the limit of 10 hours of work per day for children but working conditions were still atrocious. In the 21st century there are many regulations that have drastically improved safety and limits on child workers in the U.  S. The minimum age for â€Å"Non-Hazardous† work is 14, and for agricultural work that age is dropped to 10-11 years old with parental consent on farms not regulated by minimum wage requirements, and 12-13 years old just with parental consent. The laws on today’s limit on hours of employment are as follows: No work during school hours, on school days: 3 hours/day, 18 hours/week maximum, when school is out of session: 8 hours/day, 40 hours/week with at least 30 minute s of break time included each day. These laws helped to keep hours of work limited to ensure more time for school and other activities. There have also been laws for minimum wage that a teen can receive for work. Federal Minimum is $7. 25 per hour as of 7/24/09 youth minimum is $4. 25 per hour for employees under 20 years of age during their first 90 consecutive calendar days of employment with an employer. In today’s working world hazards teens will face while working are limited to just slipping on wet floors, minor burns, and small cuts. Granted this is if most safety precautions are carried out and it was accidental. So far no child worker has been exposed to any harmful diseases while working, during the 21st century. The managers overseeing children working are very helpful and are punished by law if they harass or physically injure any employees. Since the Industrial revolution the ages of child workers have changed from as young as 4 to, at the very least, 10. Child workers today are no longer allowed to work 12 or 14 hours a day, instead there are strict laws that allow for a thirty minute break everyday and no more than 18 hours of work per week. Minimum wage has been changed from pennies and nickels to $7. 25 since the Industrial Revolution. Teems working nowadays are ensured by workers compensation and serious injuries are rare because of safety precautions taken; as opposed to frequent diseases, serious injuries, and even death that were reported in the Industrial Revolution. Thankfully many changes have ensured the health and safety of child workers today. I am personally thankful for these laws and regulations because as of next week I will be working at Panera Bread and it is nice to know that I am safe as a working teen.

Harmonization of law in the Eu essays

Harmonization of law in the Eu essays One of the corner stones of the building of the European union has been to create a single market, where the trade is free across the union and based on the theory of comparative advantages. Harmonization of national law in the EU-member states is closely linked to this free trade thought. The harmonization of law between the EU-countries can be seen as a main mechanism to eliminate unfair differences in legal regimes, because its purpose is to reduce the differences in law and politics of two jurisdictions. This means that the differences should be made as small as possible. This essay is going to bring some light on how harmonization of law in the European union works. My research is mainly going to focus on the question: what is the concept of law harmonization in the EU and how is it used to eliminate unfair competition on the internal market? To be able to reach the answer on this quite broad question Im also going to deal with the questions: what does law harmonization mean? What is the degree and scope of law harmonization? Which harmonization methods are visible in the EU? How to control that the member states are implementing the agreed law harmonization? Which action can be taken against member states that are not implementing the harmonization of a specific law? This research paper is a qualitative study based on secondary material, which means that I have used material, which is written by other researchers. I have used different sources to be able to give a picture about law harmonization that is as fair as possible. I have to admit that it is not possible to give a hundred percent true view in a short paper like this, because of the time limit and the lack of my own pre knowledge in the subject. The following section of the paper (section 2) concerns the concept of harmonization and indicates what law harmonization means and what the degree and scope of harmonization of law is. My intention here is to get so...

Asking for Directions in English

Asking for Directions in English Asking for directions is important, but its also easy to become confused when listening to someone giving directions. This is true even in your own native language, so you can imagine how important it is to pay careful attention when listening to someone provide directions in English! Here are a few suggestions and tips to help you remember the directions as someone gives them to you. Take 2nd rightGo 300 yardsTake 1st left at the stop signGo 100 yards the shop is on your left. Make sure to ask the person giving directions to repeat and/or slow down.In order to help out, repeat each direction the person gives. This will help both you remember the names of streets, turns, etc., as well as help the person giving directions provide clear instructions.Make visual notes while the person describes the route.Once the person has given you directions, repeat the entire set of directions again. Here is a short dialogue. A number of questions are asked during this short scene. You may notice that some of these questions are not asked using the standard question form (e.g. Where do I go?), but that polite forms are used (indirect questions e.g. I wonder if you can help me.). These questions are often longer and are used in order to be polite. The meaning does not change, only the structure of the question (Where do you come from becomes Would you mind telling where you come from?). Giving Directions Bob: Excuse me, Im afraid I cant find a bank. Do you know where one is?Frank: Well, there are a few banks near here. Do you have a particular bank in mind? Bob: Im afraid I dont. I just need to withdraw some money from either a teller  or an ATM.Frank: OK, thats easy. Bob: Im going by car.Frank: Well, in that case, go straight ahead on this street until the third traffic light. Take a left there, and continue on until you come to a stop sign. Bob: Do you know what the name of the street is?Frank: Yes, I think its Jennings Lane. Now, when you come to the stop sign, take the street on the left. Youll be on 8th Avenue. Bob: OK, I go straight ahead on this street to the third traffic light. Thats Jennings lane.Frank: Yes, thats right. Bob: Then I continue on to the stop sign and take a right on 8th Avenue.Frank: No, take a left at the stop sign onto 8th Avenue. Bob: Oh, thanks. Whats next?Frank: Well, continue on 8th Avenue for about 100 yards, past a supermarket until you come to another traffic light. Take a left and continue on for another 200 yards. Youll see the bank on the right. Bob: Let me repeat that: I go about 100 yards, past a supermarket to the traffic light. I take a left and continue for another 200 yards. The bank is on the right.Frank: Yes, thats it! Bob: OK. Can I repeat this to see if Ive understood everything?Frank: Certainly. Bob: Go straight ahead until the third traffic light. Take a left, and continue on to the stop sign. Turn left onto 8th Avenue.Frank: Yes, thats right. Bob: Go past the supermarket, to another traffic light, take the first left and Ill see the bank on the left.Frank: Almost, youll see the bank on the right, after 200 yards or so. Bob: Well, thank you very much for taking the time to explain this to me!Frank: Not at all. Enjoy your visit! Bob: Thank you.

Case study analysis - will upload case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analysis - will upload - Case Study Example (Yoffie, 2009, p. 1) This notion quite obviously reflects the strategic decisions, which the two companies often come up with to capture the different unexplored segments of the market. However the carbonated soft drinks industry in the United States of America suddenly declined as the annual consumption of carbonated soft drinks decreased in US, and in the year 2004 it reached a constant low. (Yoffie, 2009, p. 1) The two companies definitely got affected by the downward trend of the industry, but in different ways. This particular case study analyzes the strategic management decisions that the two separate companies adopted, in the segments of bottling, pricing and brand promoting, in order to sustain their growth in the declining beverage market of United States. The focus is on the various strategic approaches adopted by the two cola companies in order to attain a desired position in the market. The strategic changes adopted by the two players in the case study ensure that the com petition or the cold war between the two will continue for the years to come. The foundation of Coca-Cola, which is the older of the two companies, dates back to the year 1886. A pharmacist named John Pemberton was the first to discover the formula for the potion and in the year of 1891, Asa Candler obtained the formula and with a specific objective started a sales force to distribute the product under the brand name of Coca-Cola. (Yoffie, 2009, p. 5) The first bottling franchise for the particular company was opened in the year 1899, and the growth rate was so substantial that within a gap of eleven years the company acquired about three hundred and seventy franchises in USA. (Yoffie, 2009, p. 5) With growth and popularity there were also direct threat to the brand image of Coca-Cola as there were an eminent number of imitators in the industry who

Moral rights are incompatible with the new digital environment in Essay

Moral rights are incompatible with the new digital environment in which copyright operates. Discuss in the light of(a) the technicaland (b)the practicalan - Essay Example One has to consider what moral rights are because morality is a very hard area to regulate, because one could argue that it is immoral for those with the digital technology to abuse the ownership rights of the copyright owner by making it available to all those who access the website for free1. Yet, on the other hand, one could argue that it is immoral for the copyright holder not to freely disclose information over the internet for free, especially if it benefits society on either educational or health and safety ground2. One could argue that the confidentiality and copyright afforded to Prince Charles over his diaries was immoral because is it right that the next King of England harbors such overtly biased political views Therefore this discussion will have to consider what is moral and not moral, which is a very difficult endeavor because morality one could argue is a subjective view. This exploration will also focus on the WIPO treaty because it is the latest in the international legal framework to balance the rights of society (Utilitarian Rights) and the rights of the individual (Personality Theory Rights) in the new digital age. ... Intellectual Property, Copyright & Rights: Intellectual property rights like property rights have been protected in UK, US and Canadian law as individual and not the realm of the government to encroach into them. This is different from the approach being suggested in global copyright harmonization which considers a different approach, a utilitarian approach which weighs up the interests of society against the individual where the rights of the many outweigh the rights of the few. Copyright in Intellectual Property law usually refers to the protection of ideas in intellectual property prior to their public release; therefore in respect to copyright it can also refer to artistic designs of goods and jingles prior to completion, but the most important factor is that it portrays the traditional approach of UK law, which is similar to the US and Canada, i.e. individual property rights should not be invaded against by government, i.e. they can not be treated in a utilitarian manner, rather the personal and public concerns need to weighed and balanced. The most interesting area of intellectual property law and copyright law is personal rights v's the general welfare of society, i.e. the public nature of artistic and literary works v's protection a persons private property rights in respect to copyright items. The International Copyright Treaty is the latest in a long line of international copyright harmonization. Copyright protection is afforded to literary and artistic works that are in substantial form, i.e. sheet music, recording or written book. The work must be original and not copied.3 There also has to be labor and skill performed by the author/artist4 and

Life of Martin Luther Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Life of Martin Luther - Research Paper Example Luther was convened as a revolutionary defender of the truth, and religious freedoms of Christians but some people viewed him as a religious rebellion leader. However, most of the contemporary Christians consent that martin influenced and shaped the protestant Christianity more than any leaders. Luther saw the necessity of reforming the church because he wanted to abolish the traditions, papacy laws and restore churches of Christ from perishing. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the life of Martin Luther, his accomplishments and the goals for reforming the church. Although Martin saw a need for protestant reform because of the schism within western Christianity, he wanted to abolish the traditions, papacy laws, promote unity and restore churches of Christ from perishing. ... enrolled in Erfurt university, which was one of the most significant universities in German and it was full of conflicts among the Renaissance humanists and the scholastics people, who practiced theology and philosophy. Luther joined in the faculty of philosophy where he embarked on both theology and law studies; therefore, this was the period when Luther read widely and graduated with a master degree. During the year 1505, the promising law career seemed certain and Luther rejected the world; thus he decided to become a preacher. Additionally, despite the disappointment from the parents for not being a lawyer, Luther experienced a conversation of having been struck by a bolt of lightning. Martin began to study law in order to fulfill the dreams of his father that his son will one day became lawyer. However, Martin had a terrible thunderstorm that narrowly struck him to death; thus he eventually cried to God and promised to live as preacher3. Although this opinion did not please his parents, Martin decided to change the course of his future despite the strong disappointments from his parents. Luther started learning theology and one time when he was sitting in his room, he started reading the bible randomly. Luther became to a passage in the manuscript of Roman 1: 17, which was from Saint Paul revealing that the justice from God can be revealed to those who only has faith because it is through faith that the just shall live forever4. Events That Took Place Prior To Martin’s Conversion Prior to Martin’s conversion, the events that drastically altered the course of Luther’s life took place near Stotterheim. The law student was altered into a humble preacher seeking for the grace of God. The awful thunderstorm struck Luther when he was on his way back to Erfurt

Problems caused by viruses

Problems caused by viruses Introduction I will discuss about different types of viruses and what threats they hold towards the computer and what kind of damage they can do. A virus is a small program written to alter the way a computer operates, without the permission of the user. I will talk about:- What a virus does How it can affect your computer A Bit of History About Virus Different types of viruses How does it cause problems when your using the internet and Conclusions Threats of Viruses A virus can only spread from one computer to another when its host is taken to the target computer. A user can send viruses over the Internet or it can be carried on things like CD, DVD or USB drive. Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer. It can damage your network area and without the proper antivirus software, your computer is most likely to be affected by a virus, especially if you are going to use the internet. A virus must meet two criteria: The virus has to be executed by itself. In order to be executed by itself, it has to have its own coding on when to be executed. The virus has to replicate itself. It has to copy itself from the original, so it can create a problem for the user. Viruses can infect desktop computers and network servers alike. History of Virus In the early 1980s, experiments were carried out on computer security and 1983 saw the emergence of the first virus. Fred Cohen, at that time a student at the University of Southern California, had the idea of introducing self-reproducing software, which could spread by infiltrating existing programmes, thus attacking the security of multi-user computing systems. Len Adleman, Cohens thesis adviser suggested that this was similar to a biological virus, which uses the resources of the cell it attacks to reproduce itself. The term computer virus was born. 6 Types of Viruses File Infector Viruses A virus that affects program files. This virus can damage the programs that you either use or do not use basically it damages executable files such as .exe and .com files. Boot Sector Viruses A virus that affects the system area of the disk such as floppy disk or CD. Boot sector viruses attach themselves to the program of that specific disk and activate when the user attempts to start up their PC from the infected disk. Master Boot Record Viruses A virus that affects the boot sectors. It saves a legitimate copy of the master boot record in a different location without you knowing that it has done it without your permission. Multipartite Viruses A virus that affects both programs and boot sectors. Basically for this virus if one is not clean, then the one that is clean will be infected. For example if the boot sector is clean, but the files are not, then the boot sector will be infected. Macro Viruses A virus that affects data files. This virus is the most common virus than any other viruses above because this virus can damage Microsoft programs such as Word, PowerPoint, Excel and etc. Virus Hoax A virus that are sent by emails. This virus can damage and delete everything on your hard drive if an email thats got a virus is either on your inbox or if you have open that email. Conclusions Virus Hoax is one of the viruses that can cause problems when you are using the internet because the email that is affected by a virus can damage and delete important files from your computer. A lot of people are getting these virus hoax chain letters, which can spread like fire depending on how many people you are sending it to. When people get these chain letters, they dont check who they got it from and open it up straight away and forward the message to other people, so they computer can get infected by the virus, so it is very important to 1st find out who sent u the email and 2nd if you receive an email titled which some will have email virus hoax on it then do not open it!. Another way of having a virus on your computer is if a hacker installs a virus onto your computer. This can happen if there is no anti-virus software or firewall and if there is no program to protect your computer, then the hacker has an easy access to your computer which he can do any kind of damage to your computer. Once the hacker gets into your computer, the hacker can do anything to your computer, it can even mess your computer up by installing a virus of any kind. So in order to prevent that from happening your will need either an anti-virus or a firewall onto your computer.(See Details Below) How do you get rid and prevent your computer from having a virus? To prevent from having any types of viruses, you will need to have anti-virus software. It is software that will track down and get rid of any viruses that are on your computer and also prevents any viruses from getting into your computer. It can also protect your computer from any other threats as well such as Trojans and hacking. Another way your can prevent having troubles while your using the internet is to have a firewall. Firewall is a necessary program to keep intruders away while you are connected to the internet such as hackers. Hackers can hack into your computer and create a massacre for example create a program to spy on you and take some important information such as credit card number when you do online shopping or install a virus without you knowing anything about it. So it is recommended that if you do not have an anti-virus program, then have firewall on or install firewall to prevent hackers to hack into your computer while you are on internet. Reference: http://service1.symantec.com/support/nav.nsf/docid/1999041209131106 http://www.windowsmaven.com/ http://www.internet-story.com/dangers.htm

Direct Mail Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Direct Mail "Advertising may be described as the science of arresting the human intelligence long enough to get money from it." Stephen Leacock Philosopher extraordinaire "Really good direct mail works like picking your prospect up by the ankles and shaking him until all the money falls out of his pockets." Matthew Samp Direct Mail Copy & Graphic Design As consumers, we are often bombarded by different types of advertisements each day. Whether it’s by television, newspaper, or billboards, advertising has reached us one way or another. Yet, a majority of the ads that we encounter are often meaningless and uninteresting mainly because of the fact that these ads are meant to reach a certain target audience. This perception seems to change, however, when we look inside our mailboxes, pick-up our telephone, and even check our e-mail. We often ponder how marketers know that we have a pet snake, own a certain kind of computer, or even wear 70’s clothing. That is because every time we purchase products such as: electronics, computer software, and other products, direct-mail advertising is in the air. Every time we send those warranties and registration forms back to the manufacturer; as consumers we are often unaware that we are sending information about ourselves that will be used as; statistical, personal, and informative data for future marketing purposes. Thus, marketers and advertisers know what kinds of products to target us with. Although direct-mail, or as we call it â€Å"junk-mail†, somehow finds its way to our homes and businesses, it can be considered as a convenient way for us to shop without having to leave the house, since as consumers, we are often pressed for time. In order to understand direct-mail advertising, we will be discussing this unique medium in a broad spectrum of subjects and then give an example of a company that successfully used direct mail advertising. Among the subjects we will be discussing are: what direct-mail advertising is, the historical development of the medium, different methods and types of mail, the future of direct-mail advertising, and the internet’s use of the medium for visual communication. Direct Mail Direct-mail advertising is a form of medium used by direct marketers; it is the most personal and selective of all media. Th... ...etting e-mails from the companies that we visit or interested in. As a matter of fact, some of the largest commercial sites on the World Wide Web have agreed to feed information about their customer ¹s reading, shopping and entertainment habits into a new and improved database system that is now tracking the moves of more than 30 million Internet users, recording where they go, and what they read, often without the user ¹s knowledge. This agreement by participating Web sites is primarily used for direct-advertising, it promises to deliver precise, direct, and personalized ads, specifically for that target user. Eventhough this is said to be an invasion of privacy, many of the powerful commercial sites are using, selling, and distributing these consumer behaviors and informations to numerous retailers, advertisers, and marketers for direct-advertising use. Many advertising and marketing experts believe that direct-mail online is only in it ¹s early developmental stages. As an evolving mass medium, online direct-mail advertising is wh ere radio was in 1920, where television was in 1950, and where cable was during 1970. All of these, you may have observed, are now universal.

Ethics Munson’s 5 Ethical Theories Essay

Ethics is a branch if philosophy that deal with ideas about what is morally good and bad. Ethics act as tools, giving us guidance when we need to make important decisions in personal and professional situations. There are biblical inferences that can relate to most if not all situations that we come across in our daily lives. God will not put us in any situations that we cannot be triumphant in. If the Bible is an absolute in all of these theories, so is Jesus Christ. The first ethical theory is Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that describes how the moral value or worth of an action is determined by how much benefit is gained from that action. It is measured by not only the amount of benefit gained but also the amount of people with benefits in the process. This theory hopes to provide guidance when choosing a course of action. Utilitarianism is divided into two groups based off of how they apply the theory. A Rule Utilitarian believes that the action is right if it results in happiness of great benefit (Munson, 2009). For example, the commandment, â€Å"thou shall not kill† is very straight forward and doesn’t leave room for interpretation. Someone who follows Rule Utilitarianism would strictly follow this rule by never committing murder or killing any living creature. An Act Utilitarian would decipher the commandment according to its greatest benefit. Act utilitarianism is the belief that an action is right if it is better than all of the other options as long as it yields the best results. In other words, there may be situations in which breaking the rules may be the best option. Breaking the commandment, â€Å" thou shall not kill† may seem wrong when looking at it from the surface, but if it is done to save the life’s of others it may yield the best result. The absolute that applies to Utilitarianism is the Bible. 2 Corinthians 9:7 says, â€Å"Each one must give as he has decided in his heart; not reluctantly or under compulsion, for God loves a cheerful giver.† This theory is about the best benefit and focuses on the amount of benefit as well as the amount of people it benefits. In order to achieve this, the reason for giving cannot be selfishly or self- motivated. Immanuel Kant’s deontological theory is the complet ely opposite of Utilitarianism. Kantian Ethics believes that right and wrong are not depended on their consequences but on whether the duty or task at hand is fulfilled. Kant theory is also reliant on the view that humans, unlike any  other creature, have the capacity to rationalize. He believes that a person’s feelings and inclinations should not play any part in motivating a chosen action. This theory does not work well in the field of healthcare. Feelings and inclinations are a necessity when working with human beings. Healthcare workers are not reading step by step instructions as if they are putting a car together, but instead are caring for a patient whose case is different and patient specific. Patients cannot be treated like a checklist. Although this theory eliminated any of the categories under the Bible: commandments, guidelines, inferences, and convictions; completion is a big topic in the Bible. God completed the creation of the world in six days, and rested on the seventh. Jesus Christ rose from the dead on the third day. In John 17:4, Jesus said to them, â€Å"My food is to do the will of Him who sent Me and to accomplish His work.† W.D. Ross believed that there was not one rule or principle that one must abide by. Instead he believed that we can progress through moral duties. Ross proposed that we have self-evident prima facie moral duties and that there are some things have intrinsic value (Ross, 2002). He believed we have the duty of fidelity or the duty to keep our promises, the duty of reparation or the duty to pay for harm done to others, the duty of gratitude or the duty to return favors, the duty of beneficence or the duty to maximize the good, and the duty of non-injury or the duty to refuse harm to others (Ross, 2002). For example, it is generally wrong to kill a person because it causes pain and is one of the 10 commandments. In order for it not to be wrong to kill, a person must have an overriding reason to do it such as saving the lives of others. Ross’s belief in overriding reason is very similar to that Act Utilitarianism. The Bible is an absolute in this theory as well. Ross puts emphasis on the duties we must uphold. The Bible lays out many duties given to Christians. One of the most popular lists is the Ten Commandments. Virtue Ethics is the approach that deemphasizes rules and duty, focusing on a person’s character (Munson, 2009). Character is an impor tant focus when choosing employees in the Healthcare field. I have worked in many healthcare areas and have worked with many people who truly were not in the field for the right reasons. Passion is a necessity when working with human beings. There are many workers who lack this characteristic and are simply in the field for monetary benefit. Although it may be impossible to completely rid the  healthcare field of â€Å"bad seeds,† providing an overflow of kindhearted, loving employees would definitely help. The Bible is an absolute in this ethical approach. Matthew 12:35 says, â€Å"The good person out of his good treasure bring forth good, and the evil person out of his evil treasure brings forth evil.† As a Christian we must make sure we are living our lives in God’s image. We are walking billboards for Christ and need to make sure that we act accordingly. As a Christian, this walk will definitely be hard and there will be many temptations along the way but our character will help us to choose the right path. Care Ethics argues that some duties cannot be justified by theories of right, justice, and utility (Velasquez, 2002). Care ethics believe that the most important factor is the concrete relationship with a person or persons (Velasquez, 2002). This theory is very evident in the healthcare fiel d and I find this theory most appealing. I have worked in the healthcare field for most of my career and realize that it is my duty to take care of and provide for each patient I serve. Through experience, I also realize that there are certain patients that I have been drawn to, and that I feel closer to. At my last job, I worked on the spinal cord injury unit. Most of my patients were fully depended on what I did for them. The interaction could be awkward as I was performing tasks such as showers, bowel programs, and diaper changes. I felt it my duty to make them feel comfortable and to let them know that I care. For a lot of my patients, I was the only family they had. No one ever came to visit them so our conversation was something to look forward to. As I worked with a patient every day, special bonds were formed. We celebrated any and all progress made. Whether it is something as small as moving a pinky for the first time or taking a first step after, everything should be celebrated. Both Jesus Christ and the Bible are absolutes in this theory. This job has also taught me to be more appreciative of the things I do have. It has taught me to stop complaining about little things. Most of my patients lived regular lives just as I do, and in an instance it was taken away from them. Most people unknowingly take things for granted such as being able to walk, talk, brush your teeth, and clothe yourself. Instead, we feel that the things are owed to us and that we are deserving of these things. The Bible and Jesus Christ are definitely absolutes in this theory. We as Christians yearn for a strong, deeper relationship with God and the best way to attain this is by  studying the word of God daily. Proverbs 8:17 says, â€Å"I Love those who love me; And those who diligently seek me will find me.† References Holy Bible Kant, I. (1785) â€Å"First Section: Transition from the Common Rational Knowledge of Morals to the Philosophical.† Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. Munson, R. (2009). Intervention and Reflection: Basic issues of bioethics (9th ed.). Ross, W.D., (2002). The Right and the Good. Edited, with an Introduction, by Philip Stratton- Lake. New York: Oxford University Press: rpt. of original 1930 edition. Velasquez, M.G., (2002). Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.