Ocular Manifestations of Mucopolysacchridosis

Ocular Manifestations of Mucopolysacchridosis Ocular manifestations of mucopolysacchridosis Praddep Sagar Arsikere, Pradeep Venkatesh, Yog Raj Sharma Mucopolysaccharidoses  (MPS)  are a group of disorders caused by  the  inherited deficiency of lysosomal enzymes involved in  the  metabolism of glycosaminoglycan  (GAG),  resulting in  the  widespread intracellular and extracellular accumulation of  GAG.  > Type Gene Deficient enzyme GAG deposited IInheritance  pattern Hurler syndrome (MPS I-H) IDUA (4p16.3) Alpha-L-iduronidase Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate AR Hurler-Scheie syndrome  (MPS I-H/S) IDUA (4p16.3) Alpha-L-iduronidase Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate AR Scheie syndrome (MPS I-S) IDUA (4p16.3) Alpha-L-iduronidase Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate AR Hunter syndrome, severe (MPS II-A) IDS (Xq28) Iduronate sulfatase Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate XR Hunter syndrome, mild (MPS II-B) IDS (Xq28) Iduronate  sulfatase Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate XR Sanfilippo syndrome A (MPS III-A) SGSH (17q25.3) Heparan  N-sulfatase Heparan sulfate AR Sanfilippo syndrome B (MPS III-B) NAGLU (17q21) Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase Heparan sulfate AR Sanfilippo syndrome C (MPS III-C) HGSNAT (8p11.1) Heparan-alpha-glucosaminide Nacetyltransferase Heparan sulfate AR Sanfilippo syndrome D (MPS III-D) GNS (12q14) N-acetyl alpha-glucosamine-6-sulfatase Heparan sulfate AR Morquio syndrome A (MPS IV-A) GALNS (16q24.3) N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfatase Keratan sulfate AR Morquio syndrome B (MPS IV-B) GLB1 (3p21.33) Beta-galactosidase Keratan sulfate AR Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (MPS VI) ARSB (5q14.1) Arylsulfatase B Dermatan sulfate AR Sly syndrome (MPS VII) GUSB (7q21.11) Beta-glucuronidase Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, Chondroitin sulfate AR Natowicz syndrome  (MPS IX) HYAL1 (3p21) Hyaluronidase AR Ocular manifestations 1. Ocular adnexa Eyelid thickening  occurs  due to  the  accumulation of  GAG. Hypertelorism has been reported in MPS types  III,  Ã‚  II and  Ã‚  VII. Pseudoproptosis due to shallow orbit has been reported in a patient with MPS VI  and MPS II. 2. Cornea The extracellular matrix of corneal stroma contains dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate in equal proportion. Both dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate are synthesized by stromal keratocytes. Dermatan sulfate proteoglycans are involved in  the  control of interfibrillar spacing and in  the  lamellar adhesion of corneal collagens. Keratan sulfate proteoglycans are involved in the regulation of collagen fibril diameter. Mainly,  epithelial cells synthesize heparan sulfate proteoglycans,  and they are minor components of cornea. Since dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate are the major GAGs in  the  corneal stroma, corneal involvement is mainly seen in MPS types  I, IV, VI and VII. In corneas of patients with MPS,  the  excessive accumulation of dermatan sulfate or keratan sulfate in the form of vacuoles can be seen in epithelial cells, keratocytes, histiocytes and extracellular matrix. An increase in  the  mean fibril diameter of collagen and  an  increase in fibril spacing  are  noted in the corneal stroma of patients with MPS I. These structural alterations in collagen fibrils may contribute to light scattering. But the corneal clouding is mainly due to  the  accumulation of GAGs in all the layers of cornea with enlarged stromal keratocytes. Corneal involvement is typically not seen in type III, as the metabolism of heparan sulfate is impaired in type III and heparan sulfate is not synthesized by stromal keratocytes. Symptoms include gradually progressive painless diminution of visual acuity and light intolerance due to scattering of light. In early cases, fine grey punctuate opacities in anterior stroma are visible. In advanced cases,  there is diffuse corneal clouding. Corneal thickness is variable, and it may be increased or normal.  Corneal hysteresis is increased. Corneal  oedema  occurs in cases with  increased intra-ocular  pressure  (IOP). 3.  Optic nerve GAGs  are the major components of  the  extracellular matrix of  the  optic nerve head.  Proteoglycans containing chondritin sulfate and dermatan sulfate are located in lamina cribrosa, supporting tissues of the optic nerve head like septae, pia. Proteoglycans containing heparan sulfate are located in margins of laminar plates of lamina cribrosa.  The  optic nerve involvement can be due to accumulation of  Ã‚  GAG  in  the  extracellular matrix of  the  optic nerve, narrowing of pores in lamina cribrosa, thickening of dura  and  narrowing of bony optic canal  Ã‚  that  leads  to disc  oedema  (pseudopapilloedema). It can also be due to raised intracranial pressure manifesting as true papilloedema.  Long-standing axonal compression or papilloedema  can lead to secondary optic atrophy.  The  accumulation of GAG in ganglion cells of retina can lead to axonal degeneration and optic atrophy. Optic nerve involvement is more commonly seen in types  I, II, VI  and  VII,  as the major  Ã‚  GAGs  in optic nerve and lamina cribrosa are dermatan sulfate and chondritin sulfate. Optic nerve involvement is less with type III,  as heparan sulfate is located in the margins of lamina cribrosa,  and in type IV,  as keratan sulfate is not present in the optic nerve head in human.   4.  Glaucoma The human trabecular meshwork contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate  and  dermatan sulfate.  The  accumulation of  Ã‚  GAG  in the anterior segment structures can lead to  the  narrowing of angle resulting in acute angle closure and chronic angle closure glaucoma. Anterior segment  optical coherence tomography  (OCT)  imaging in mucopolysacchridosis suggests crowded anterior segment and increased corneal thickness in type VI than  in  type I.  The  accumulation of GAG in trabecular cells can lead to features similar to open-angle glaucoma.  The  measurement of IOP by Goldmann applanation tonometer may be falsely high due to increased corneal thickness and corneal hysteresis.  The  visualization of angle by gonioscopy may be compromised due to corneal clouding,  thus posing difficulty in differentiating open angle from closed angle.  The  monitoring of progression and severity of glaucomatous optic neuropathy may be compromised by corneal clouding and disc  oedema. Anterior segment OCT is a valuable tool in  the  assessment of angle, particularly in patients with corneal clouding. Ocular response  Ã‚  analyser  can be used  for the  accurate measurement of IOP in these cases. 5. Retina Heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan are present throughout the retina and choroid. Heparan sulfate is particularly located in  the  basement membrane containing structures, the RNFL and RPE. Keratan sulfate is absent in  the  retina and choroid.  Ã‚  GAGs  are integral components of  the  basement membrane of retinal microvasculature,  and heparan sulfate is the predominant variety. Tapetoretinal degeneration has been reported in MPS types  I,  Ã‚  II,  Ã‚  III and  Ã‚  IV. 6.  Sclera Scleral thickening may lead to  the  uveal effusion syndrome. Suggested Reading 1.  Villas-Boas FS, Fernandes Filho DJ, Acosta AX.  Ocular findings in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis.  Arq Bras Oftalmol  2011;74(6):430–434. 2.  Viestenz A, Shin YS, Viestenz A, Naumann GO.  Ocular  manifestation of  mucopolysaccharidosis I-S (Scheies  syndrome).  Klin Monbl Augenheilkd  2002;219(10):745–748.

Indian Morphological Differences And Similarities Health And Social Care Essay

Background & A ; nonsubjective: Worldwide fluctuation in human growing and its familial and environmental factors have been described by many writers before. In this survey, an effort has been made to measure the morphological differences and similarities among 1-5 twelvemonth kids of rural countries of Uttar Pradesh State in India. The purpose of this survey was to find whether kids populating in diverse countries show their differences or similarities of organic structure size. Methods: For this intent, a transverse sectional territory nutrition profile survey conducted during 2002-03 was used. The information on 10,096 kids drawn from 1080 small towns in 54 territories is a portion of the territory degree Diet and Nutrition Assessment study, was considered. The average values for tallness and weight for 54 territories is taken as the input informations for subsequent analysis. The information was first normalized by agencies of Principal Component Analysis ( PCA ) and so K-means bunch was performed. Consequences: The PCA and bunch analysis yielded four distinguishable bunchs or forms in the kids anthropometric informations. These bunchs were ordered harmonizing to the mean organic structure size ( weight and tallness ) of kids. The average stature and organic structure weight of these kids in bunch I was 3.2 centimeter and 1.4 kilogram higher than those of bunch IV bespeaking clear difference between bunchs. Besides, the fluctuations between bunchs in their societal, demographic, wellness and nutrition parametric quantities were compared. Interpretation & A ; decision: The practical usage of PCA and bunch analysis and its virtues in analyzing the Uttar Pradesh pre-school kids growing fluctuations are discussed. These consequences will ease the decision maker to gestate and implement part specific action programmes for betterment in the nutritionary position of the community in general and pre-school kids, in peculiar. Cardinal words: anthropometric measurings, K-means Cluster Analysis, PCA, Nutrition, Socio-economic.IntroductionWorldwide fluctuations in human growing forms were described in the past by Tanner and Eveleth1,2. Growth and development of kids in a community are mostly influenced by the environment they live in, which include a host of factors related to socioeconomic, socio-cultural and agro climatic conditions. In this present paper, we tried to pull out the nutritionary forms of under five twelvemonth kids anthropometric informations collected at territory degree in the province of Uttar Pradesh in India. This survey was undertaken peculiarly in Uttar Pradesh because it is themost thickly settled province in India, holding about 170 million population3. Therefore, â€Å" geographic † clusterization of territories in big countries such as a State or part of a state based on nutritionary position of the kids may assist in placing assorted factors that have important influence o n the growing and development of the communities and to plan and implement appropriate region/state specific schemes for forestalling and control of undernutrition in the communities. The bunch analysis technique involves segregating a information set into different homogeneous groups based either on similarities or unsimilarities in the information. This technique is an easy replicable manner of building categorizations, which has attracted widespread popularity across diverse scientific disciplines4. Mahalanobis, Majumdar and Rao5 employed this method to do an anthropometric study of the united state manner back in 1949. Vasulu and Pal6 studied the relationship between anthropometric distinction and cultural diverseness in the Yanadi folk in different parts of India. This method has been successfully used on anthropometric measurings in China to sort growing profiles of children7 and in India to transport out societal selling schemes for control of Vitamin A deficiency8,9 every bit good as to place the forms in nutritionary informations of kids.Keri L. Monda and Barry M. Popkin10 used bunch analysis to make forms of overall activity and inaction in a diverse sam ple of Chinese young person and to measure their usage in foretelling fleshy position. Tucker KL11 demonstrated dietetic forms of different populations in US utilizing PCA-Cluster Analysis technique. For the intent of this survey, the informations collected during the District nutrition profile ( DNF ) study carried out in the State of Uttar Pradesh during the twelvemonth 2002-03 and reported during 2003-04 was utilised. The study included aggregation of informations on family socio economic, socio cultural and demographic specifics, nutritionary position of persons in footings of anthropometry and clinical scrutiny, mean nutrient and alimentary consumptions at the family degree and chest eating and kid raising patterns prevalent in the community. Following are the specific aims of the current survey: To organize geographical bunchs in the State of Uttar Pradesh, based on the anthropometric information of weight and tallness of preschool kids 2 ) To i Iiiiide dentify differences or similarities in the nutritionary position of kids populating in different bunchs. To analyze the family demographic, socioeconomic derived functions of the kids between the bunchs, in relation to the nutritionary position.Materials and MethodsSample DesignA cross sectional design was used for transporting out DNF study. In each territory, small town formed the Primary Sampling Unit ( PSU ) and the Household, the Secondary Sampling Unit ( SSU ) . Therefore, a sum of 400 HHs were covered from 20 small towns by covering 20 indiscriminately selected families from each small town. Sing the big fluctuation in the territory, due representation was given to all the blocks in the territory while choosing the small towns, by following graded random trying process coupled with chance proportion to size ( PPS ) .SubjectsThe anthropometric informations, viz. highs and weights available on 10,096 preschool kids ( 1 to 5 old ages of age ) from a sum of 87,491 persons of different ages of both the sexes from 54 territories of Uttar Pradesh was considered for analysis. The geograp hic distribution of the territories is shown in Fig. 1. The average values for tallness and weight for 54 territories is taken as the input informations for subsequent analysis.VariablesTwo anthropometric measurings viz. highs and weights were collected by research workers by utilizing standard equipment and processs. The research workers were trained and standardized in the study methodological analysiss by the Scientists of National Institute of Nutrition ( NIN ) , before originating existent informations aggregation in the field.Statistical methodThe information was first normalized by agencies of Principal Component Analysis ( PCA ) and so bunch was performed utilizing SPSS 15.0 statistical software12, utilizing the undermentioned process: The agencies of each variable for 54 territories were computed. An inter-variable correlativity coefficient matrix was derived. The PCA was extracted by following the undermentioned standards. The standard for truth of choosing principle constituent was 0.005. The minimal discrepancy for pull outing each constituent was 0.5. The value of all steps was transformed into principle-component tonss. The instances were clustered by k-means bunch method utilizing Euclidian distance which was calculated by the expression given below. Wherein dij is the distance between any two instances ( I and J ) in a group, Xik and Xjk are the chief constituent tonss of the kth chief constituent ( k=1,2,3aˆÂ ¦m ; here m=1 ) . The process for bunch was done by MacQueen method13 as follows: Step1: Partition the points into thousand initial bunchs Steo2: Proceed through the list of points, delegating point to the bunch whose centroid ( average ) is close. Recalculate the centroid for the bunch having the new point and the one which the point is removed Step3: Repeat the Step 2 until no reassignments take topographic point.ConsequencesThe average highs and weights by territory are listed in Table I. The Principle constituents extracted from the correlativity matrices are listed in Table II. Merely one rule constituent could be extracted from the information. The ‘EIGEN ‘ value ensuing from this constituent was 1.4 and could explicate 70 % of the fluctuation. The information was foremost transformed into Personal computer mark for the 54 territories which formed the input for executing bunch analysis utilizing K-means bunch analysis method. Four different bunchs or forms were observed in the information. A ocular representation bunch analysis represented as dendogram ( Fig.2 ) shows the bunchs being combined and the values of the distance coefficients at each measure. Looking at the dendogram, it appears that the four bunch method described may be appropriate, since the bunchs are easy explainable and occurs before the distance at which bunch go excessively big. The dendrogram rescales the existent distances to Numberss between 0 and 25, continuing the ratio of the distances between stairss. These bunchs were ordered harmonizing to the mean organic structure size ( weight and tallness ) of kids. The organic structure sizes which formed into different little bunchs are listed in table III. The average stature and organic structure weight of these kids in bunch I was 3.2 centimeter and 1.4 kilogram higher than those of bunch IV bespeaking clear difference between bunchs.Geographic factors:The bunch analysis which resulted in the formation of four distinguishable bunchs is presented in the map ( Fig. 3 ) . The map clearly showed the geographic unsimilarities in the organic structure size of kids. Many of the territories for whom the information was clustered were geographically next. It was observed that in most of the territories from Cluster I came from the western portion of the province, such as Ghaziabad, Farrukhabad, Etawah, which is comparatively comfortable part of the State. The bulk territories viz. Bijnor, Saharanpur, Meerut, Aligarh, Mathura, Maharajgunj etc. wh ich are grouped into Cluster II ranked as 2nd best segregation, are from Western and Eastern parts of the State considered to be developed parts. In contrast, in the Cluster IV which is considered to be holding lowest organic structure size of kids, most of the territories viz. Sitapur, Rae bareli, Jalaun, Lalitpur, Hamirpur belonged to Central and Budelkhand parts which are considered to be under-developed part. The above segregation of territories are in conformance with the informations of NFHS-II survey14,15 wherein the territories in the State were categorized into backward and non-backward territories.Socio-Economic Factors:The bunchs so formed were compared in relation to their socio-economic parametric quantities such as extent of land retentions, type of house, community, per-capita monthly income, denseness of population to see whether it was an artefact or if any relationships could be established. It was found that the territories in bunch I were comparatively more devel oped than in the other bunchs ( table IV ) . The differences observed between bunchs were both in footings of ‘population denseness ‘ and per capita income. It was besides observed that the proportion of under-privileged communities such as Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribe population was much lower in the I & A ; II bunchs, compared to bunchs III and IV.Demographic factors:Demographic factors like sex ratio of population, birth order, kids covered for nutrition appraisal, literacy position, per centum married below 18 old ages of age were compared among the bunchs. It was observed that the territories in bunch I were better off when compared to constellate II, III and IV, with regard to all the above variables ( Table V ) . The sex ratio ( females for 1000 males ) , a good index of demographic alteration was 921 in bunch I, as against 882 in bunch IV. Similarly, the literacy position was 64 % in bunch I, compared to 52 % in bunch IV.Nutrition and Health factors:The exte nt of undernutrition among pre-school kids was assessed by Standard Deviation ( SD ) categorization by utilizing World Health Organisation ( WHO ) growing standards16, in footings of acrobatics ( tallness for age, & lt ; Median – 2SD ) reflecting long continuance undernutrition, blowing ( weight for tallness, & lt ; Median -2SD ) bespeaking current undernutrition and scraggy ( weight for age & lt ; Median -2SD ) bespeaking overall undernutrition. The proportion of kids with scraggy, stunting and blowing utilizing the above three standards were least in the territories of bunch I, as compared to constellate IV. The extent of underweight was 33 % incluster I, 45 % in bunch II, 52 % in bunch III and 58 % in bunch IV, bespeaking the extent of under nutrition is higher in bunchs II, III and IV when compared with Cluster I, though the differences were besides higher between bunch II and Cluster IV. Similar form was observed for stunting and blowing ( Table VI ) . The wellness parametric quantities like per centum adult females undergoing prenatal medical examinations in different clustered territories ranged from a high ( 50 % ) in bunch I to 47 % in Cluster IV. The institutional bringings were comparatively more in bunch I ( 20 % ) , compared to constellate IV ( 14 % ) , bespeaking better wellness attention use in bunch I territories ( Table VI ) .DiscussionThere are figure of methods available for clustering13, but the methods of PCA and bunch analysis was selected for this survey for the undermentioned grounds, viz. , ( I ) By utilizing the Principal Component Analysis method, the values of a nthropometric variables in each instance is transformed into chief constituent tonss, which reflects kids ‘s organic structure size more comprehensively than any individual variable, and ( two ) the bunch analysis was performed in this method, by ciphering the distances every bit good as sing the magnitude of difference between variables, therefore avoiding the drawbacks of other methods which use correlativity coefficients as the similarity step and be given to be sensitive to determine at the disbursal of magnitude6. The topics included in the present analysis were preschool kids, whose well being is considered as a placeholder to nutritionary position for the full community. The consequences of the present survey show that the difference in kids ‘s organic structure size are really different between different bunchs, i.e. between developed and under developed countries. All these factors exert the fact that there are important differences in organic structure size of kids in different bunchs ( countries ) . For illustration, most of the territories in Cluster I and Cluster II, which are considered as good bunchs in footings of their better nutritionary, wellness, societal and demographic indexs, are located in the western and eastern portion of the Uttar Pradesh State, which are considered to be comfortable parts. Restriction in this survey is that, other factors, such as the ecological conditions, life manner, which might act upon the nutritionary position of the preschool kids, are non considered. However, the present survey has identified possible countries of intercession for betterment in the nutritionary position of kids. The consequences of bunch analysis, are non merely of involvement, in footings of geographical, biological, ecological and anthropometric similarities but besides facilitate the decision maker to gestate and implement appropriate action programmes for betterment in the nutritionary position of the community in general and pre school kids, in peculiar.

Mukherjee vs Rodriguez

Mukherjee vs. Rodriguez As of today, The United States accepts more legal immigrants as permanent residents than any other country in the world. The number of immigrants totaled 37. 5 million as of 2006. All of this has to do with Richard Rodriguez and Bharati Mukherjee’s stories based on immigration in the United States. Entitled â€Å"Los Otros, Mis Hermanos† and †Two Ways to Belong in America†. Where as Rodriguez’s story is about a young Mexican immigrant finding it hard to live in a society where he struggles to understand it’s main language. He believes as a child that he doesn’t belong in a country where it’s main language is not of his. He only feels at peace when he is with his family speaking his own language. As well as where Mukherjee’s story is of two sisters named Mira and Bharati, both immigrants and very successful in their careers. Explaining how Mira all of a sudden has rage towards the country she has lived in for thirty years, due to the lack of effort shown by the U. S. Congress to enact a legislation that would not allow any government benefits towards resident aliens. As for Bharati, she has mixed feelings on the subject at hand. Rodriguez and Mukherjee’s stories share a common theme and purpose, but are diverse in their conflict and focus. Los Otros, Mis Hermanos† and â€Å"Two Ways to Belong in America† share a common theme in where they both are legal immigrants living in America. Rodriguez’s story is based on his childhood where he is living as a Mexican immigrant. Since Spanish is the only language he is able to interpret, he reference â€Å"The language of thei r Mexican past sounded in counterpoint to the English of public society† (Rodriguez pg. 309). For â€Å"Two Ways to Belong in America† the two sisters are living in the United States while Bharati is an American citizen, Mira is not. However both have Indian roots within them. For both of them their cultural backgrounds are very strong within them. As of course, them being an immigrant in a new country that they are not familiar with, they both have very strong bounds with their cultural heritage. Where as for example in Mukherjee’s story she shows how traditional her family is with their Indian marriages by saying how they are properly done in her home country. Mukherjee states †We would endure out two years in America, secure our degrees, then return to India to marry the grooms of our father’s choosing† (Mukherjee pg. 316). However, they both did not follow those guidelines by marrying grooms of their own choosing. In Rodriguez’s story he shows how speaking Spanish made him feel at home, by whenever he spoke to his family members or friends in Spanish he felt as if he was recognized as someone special. While there are similar qualities between the two stories there are contrarieties too. One being their formalities of education, reading where Mukherjee’s story was coming, from the sisters were well educated and successful in their careers. They both received degrees in their prestige subjects. As for Rodriguez’s story when he was younger it seemed as if it was very difficult for his upbringing into education. For example, his parents learning of the English language, as he states â€Å"In public, my father and mother spoke a hesitant, accented, not always grammatical English† (Rodriguez pg. 309). It seemed as if the schooling where he was coming from was not as much of a impact as compared to mukherjee’s learning’s. In â€Å"Los Otros, Mis Hermanos† as a young boy Rodriguez was very secluded from the rest of civilization by reason of his inability of learning the English language. In â€Å"Two Ways to Belong in America† the sisters were very much in content with the rest of the world. They would travel all throughout the world willing to try anything new. Where as Rodriguez, he was concealed from his very own neighborhood, he didn’t know the names of his neighbors, as he states, â€Å"But no one in the family knew the names of the old couple who lived next door; until I was seven years old, I did not know the names of the kids who lived across the street† (Rodriguez pg. 309). The stories by Rodriguez and Mukherjee’s stories had a similar case and dedication, however were disparate in their upbringings and socialization. Being in a country where your not accustomed to is difficult enough, living their must be an even bigger challenge. In Rodriguez’s case he couldn’t speak Spanish outside of his home so he felt at lost. In Mukherjee’s situation even after living for 30 years in this country they were still at subject to be dismissed from it. This shows you being the outsider in a world isn’t as easy to sustain, even when they had thought they had finally made it.

Childhood Separation Anxiety Disorder Among Adults With...

The journal article â€Å"Childhood Separation Anxiety Disorder in Patients With Adult Anxiety Disorders† focuses on the prevalence of childhood separation anxiety disorder (CSA) in adults with one or more anxiety disorder, and whether or not there is a correlation between them. The authors clearly included their hypothesis, which states they presume there to be higher rates of childhood separation anxiety disorder among patients with various adult anxiety disorders than in adults with only one adult anxiety disorder. In addition, the authors included the operational definitions of comorbid anxiety disorders and childhood separation anxiety disorder. They defined comorbid anxiety disorders as having more than two lifetime adult anxiety disorders. The authors were more specific when clarifying CSA, which they defined as being diagnosed with excessive anxiety regarding the separation of those whom the child is emotionally attached to, as well as experiencing three of the nine sy mptoms listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders for at least two weeks. The purpose of the study, according to the authors, is to further specify research already done on the correlation between childhood separation anxiety disorder and adult anxiety disorders, and to explore the possible relationship between other adult anxiety disorders and childhood separation anxiety. This research is practically important because parents’ whose children are diagnosed with childhood separationShow MoreRelatedSeparation Anxiety : A Type Of An Attachment Disorder1232 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom some type of disorders. Separation anxiety is one of them. According to the www.attachment.org website, â€Å"this disorder is a type of an attachment disorder that is usually observed by young children, who feel they are getting lack of affection and attention from parents or their caregivers due to separation.† I believe that many people feel unsafe being alone and they are afraid to be alone. However, due to inescapable situation or technology or laziness they fa ce separation, loneliness, and fearRead MoreAdult Separation Anxiety : A Psychological Condition1513 Words   |  7 Pages Adult Separation Anxiety: A Possible Link to a Missed Step in Development DeAndre Bright Evan Smith-Finney Amber Depew Brandon Eastwood CCBC Catonsville Psychology 103 April 3, 2015 Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder Separation anxiety disorder is â€Å"a psychological condition in which an individual has excessive anxiety regarding separation from places or people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment† (anxietypanichealth.com 2008). Individuals with this disorder typicallyRead MoreLiterature Review : Social Anxiety Disorder1149 Words   |  5 PagesUNIVERSITY MELBOURNE Literature Review Social Anxiety Disorder in Adolescent Unit Title: Research Methods in Counselling Unit Code: APT 6006 Unit Teacher: Renzo Vittorino Student Name: Mirza Khushnood Ayub Student ID: s4530334 05/10/2015 â€Æ' This literature review is conducted to explore the social anxiety disorder, its Etiology, prevalence and finally putting focus on the need of a special treatment for adolescent with social anxiety disorder. Anxiety problems are the most common and widespreadRead MoreInfluence on Behavior and Psychological Disorders Essay658 Words   |  3 PagesPSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Presentation Influences on Behavior and Psychological Disorders Presentation Jocelyn F. Oatman Sofia Moran University of Phoenix Introduction to Psychology PSY 103 Michelle McCoy-Williams October 29, 2008 Influences on Behavior and Psychological Disorders Presentation The previous evaluation on the pathophysiology of anxiety constantly records the requirement for more examination on biological characteristics of childhood social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, andRead MoreDepression in Childhood and Adolescence Essay748 Words   |  3 PagesDepression in Childhood and Adolescence Until recently depression in children and adolescents had not received a great deal of attention. Increasing interest can probably be traced to a number of influences. Promising developments in the treatment of mood disorders in adults have played a role. In addition the application of diagnostic criteria in children has greatly improved. In everyday usage the term depression refers to the experience of sadness, or dysphoria, is also a centralRead MoreLong Term Effects Of Child Sexual Abuse1467 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor depressive disorder in early adulthood or throughout their lifetime. There is a fact that those who have experience in childhood sexual abuse were at higher risk for a range of psychiatric disorders in adulthood than those not reporting such abuse according to the research in US. Disorders included attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, drug abuse, nicotine dependence, generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. The effectsRead MoreLiterature Review : Social Anxiety Disorder1633 Words   |  7 PagesUNIVERSITY MELBOURNE Literature Review Social Anxiety Disorder in Adolescent Unit Title: Research Methods in Counselling Unit Code: APT 6006 Unit Teacher: Renzo Vittorino Student Name: Mirza Khushnood Ayub Student ID: s4530334 05/10/2015 â€Æ' This literature review is conducted to explore the social anxiety disorder, its Etiology, prevalence and finally putting focus on the need of a special treatment for adolescent with social anxiety disorder. Anxiety problems are the most common and widespreadRead MoreMental Illness Affects Numerous Individuals In America,1424 Words   |  6 PagesMental illness affects numerous individuals in America, with nearly 43.8 million adults in America living with a serious illness (Mental health facts in America, n.d). Many of these adults suffering with a mental illness also play the role of a mother, father, or caregiver. According to Costea (2011), â€Å"†¦31% of American women and about 17% of men have a 12-month prevalence of at least one psychiatric disorder, and of those 65% are mothers and 52% are fathers†. However, research focuses on the individualsRead MoreEssay on Attachment Styles and Eating Disorders1833 Words   |  8 PagesAttachment Styles and Eating Disorders There have been many studies over the years regarding attachment styles and eating disorders. This is due to the incidence of eating disorders increasing in numbers among young women in industrialized countries. This rise has been seen in the last three decades. Eating disorders are prevalent among young women but also include some young men as well. The studies used for this review pertained to women only. Researchers have demonstrated the correlationRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1734 Words   |  7 Pageschildren and young adults. The physical health and the ability to perform at school, work and in society, highly depend on the mental health of an individual (Ollendick 2012). The Australian figures of a burden of the disease show that mental health problems occur in approximately 14% of young people aged 4–17 years, and 27 % in the 18–24-year-old age range. Most mental disorders, for example, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder( ADHD), anxiety disorder, mood disorder, psychotic disorder, begin during