Monday, January 27, 2020
Ocular Manifestations of Mucopolysacchridosis
Ocular Manifestations of Mucopolysacchridosis Ocular manifestations of mucopolysacchridosis Praddep Sagar Arsikere, Pradeep Venkatesh, Yog Raj Sharma Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of disorders caused by the inherited deficiency of lysosomal enzymes involved in the metabolism of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), resulting in the widespread intracellular and extracellular accumulation of GAG. > Type Gene Deficient enzyme GAG deposited IInheritance pattern Hurler syndrome (MPS I-H) IDUA (4p16.3) Alpha-L-iduronidase Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate AR Hurler-Scheie syndrome (MPS I-H/S) IDUA (4p16.3) Alpha-L-iduronidase Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate AR Scheie syndrome (MPS I-S) IDUA (4p16.3) Alpha-L-iduronidase Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate AR Hunter syndrome, severe (MPS II-A) IDS (Xq28) Iduronate sulfatase Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate XR Hunter syndrome, mild (MPS II-B) IDS (Xq28) Iduronate sulfatase Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate XR Sanfilippo syndrome A (MPS III-A) SGSH (17q25.3) Heparan N-sulfatase Heparan sulfate AR Sanfilippo syndrome B (MPS III-B) NAGLU (17q21) Alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase Heparan sulfate AR Sanfilippo syndrome C (MPS III-C) HGSNAT (8p11.1) Heparan-alpha-glucosaminide Nacetyltransferase Heparan sulfate AR Sanfilippo syndrome D (MPS III-D) GNS (12q14) N-acetyl alpha-glucosamine-6-sulfatase Heparan sulfate AR Morquio syndrome A (MPS IV-A) GALNS (16q24.3) N-acetylgalactosamine 6-sulfatase Keratan sulfate AR Morquio syndrome B (MPS IV-B) GLB1 (3p21.33) Beta-galactosidase Keratan sulfate AR Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (MPS VI) ARSB (5q14.1) Arylsulfatase B Dermatan sulfate AR Sly syndrome (MPS VII) GUSB (7q21.11) Beta-glucuronidase Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, Chondroitin sulfate AR Natowicz syndrome (MPS IX) HYAL1 (3p21) Hyaluronidase AR Ocular manifestations 1. Ocular adnexa Eyelid thickening occurs due to the accumulation of GAG. Hypertelorism has been reported in MPS types III,  II and  VII. Pseudoproptosis due to shallow orbit has been reported in a patient with MPS VI and MPS II. 2. Cornea The extracellular matrix of corneal stroma contains dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate in equal proportion. Both dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate are synthesized by stromal keratocytes. Dermatan sulfate proteoglycans are involved in the control of interfibrillar spacing and in the lamellar adhesion of corneal collagens. Keratan sulfate proteoglycans are involved in the regulation of collagen fibril diameter. Mainly, epithelial cells synthesize heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and they are minor components of cornea. Since dermatan sulfate and keratan sulfate are the major GAGs in the corneal stroma, corneal involvement is mainly seen in MPS types I, IV, VI and VII. In corneas of patients with MPS, the excessive accumulation of dermatan sulfate or keratan sulfate in the form of vacuoles can be seen in epithelial cells, keratocytes, histiocytes and extracellular matrix. An increase in the mean fibril diameter of collagen and an increase in fibril spacing are noted in the corneal stroma of patients with MPS I. These structural alterations in collagen fibrils may contribute to light scattering. But the corneal clouding is mainly due to the accumulation of GAGs in all the layers of cornea with enlarged stromal keratocytes. Corneal involvement is typically not seen in type III, as the metabolism of heparan sulfate is impaired in type III and heparan sulfate is not synthesized by stromal keratocytes. Symptoms include gradually progressive painless diminution of visual acuity and light intolerance due to scattering of light. In early cases, fine grey punctuate opacities in anterior stroma are visible. In advanced cases, there is diffuse corneal clouding. Corneal thickness is variable, and it may be increased or normal. Corneal hysteresis is increased. Corneal oedema occurs in cases with increased intra-ocular pressure (IOP). 3. Optic nerve GAGs are the major components of the extracellular matrix of the optic nerve head. Proteoglycans containing chondritin sulfate and dermatan sulfate are located in lamina cribrosa, supporting tissues of the optic nerve head like septae, pia. Proteoglycans containing heparan sulfate are located in margins of laminar plates of lamina cribrosa. The optic nerve involvement can be due to accumulation of  GAG in the extracellular matrix of the optic nerve, narrowing of pores in lamina cribrosa, thickening of dura and narrowing of bony optic canal  that leads to disc oedema (pseudopapilloedema). It can also be due to raised intracranial pressure manifesting as true papilloedema. Long-standing axonal compression or papilloedema can lead to secondary optic atrophy. The accumulation of GAG in ganglion cells of retina can lead to axonal degeneration and optic atrophy. Optic nerve involvement is more commonly seen in types I, II, VI and VII, as the major  GAGs in optic nerve and lamina cribrosa are dermatan sulfate and chondritin sulfate. Optic nerve involvement is less with type III, as heparan sulfate is located in the margins of lamina cribrosa, and in type IV, as keratan sulfate is not present in the optic nerve head in human. 4. Glaucoma The human trabecular meshwork contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. The accumulation of  GAG in the anterior segment structures can lead to the narrowing of angle resulting in acute angle closure and chronic angle closure glaucoma. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging in mucopolysacchridosis suggests crowded anterior segment and increased corneal thickness in type VI than in type I. The accumulation of GAG in trabecular cells can lead to features similar to open-angle glaucoma. The measurement of IOP by Goldmann applanation tonometer may be falsely high due to increased corneal thickness and corneal hysteresis. The visualization of angle by gonioscopy may be compromised due to corneal clouding, thus posing difficulty in differentiating open angle from closed angle. The monitoring of progression and severity of glaucomatous optic neuropathy may be compromised by corneal clouding and disc oedema. Anterior segment OCT is a valuable tool in the assessment of angle, particularly in patients with corneal clouding. Ocular response  analyser can be used for the accurate measurement of IOP in these cases. 5. Retina Heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan are present throughout the retina and choroid. Heparan sulfate is particularly located in the basement membrane containing structures, the RNFL and RPE. Keratan sulfate is absent in the retina and choroid.  GAGs are integral components of the basement membrane of retinal microvasculature, and heparan sulfate is the predominant variety. Tapetoretinal degeneration has been reported in MPS types I,  II,  III and  IV. 6. Sclera Scleral thickening may lead to the uveal effusion syndrome. Suggested Reading 1. Villas-Boas FS, Fernandes Filho DJ, Acosta AX. Ocular findings in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2011;74(6):430–434. 2. Viestenz A, Shin YS, Viestenz A, Naumann GO. Ocular manifestation of mucopolysaccharidosis I-S (Scheies syndrome). Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2002;219(10):745–748.
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